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. 2018 Mar 9;8:4239. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19993-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Group Means (± SEM) of Serum BDNF, IGF-I, and VEGF at Time Points T0–T3. Values represent z-scores, obtained across groups and time points after exclusion of outliers. Note that CTR did not take part in blood sampling. We did not observe group differences in linear change over time. BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor, COMBO = group undergoing cycling exercise and maze training, CTR = passive controls, ERGO = group undergoing cycling exercise, IGF-I = insulin-like growth factor-I, MAZE = group undergoing maze training, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.