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. 2018 Mar 9;8:4251. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22634-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The structure of the LC lens. (b) The voltage-dependent lens power of the LC lens. Red squares represent the lens power at different V₁ for V₂ = 10 V_rms and f = 4.2 kHz. Blue diamonds represent the lens power at different V₂ for V₁ = 30 V_rms and f = 800 Hz. The LC lens is (c) a positive lens when V₁ > V₂ and (d) a negative lens when V₂ > V₁.