Table 2.

Motion analysis features (MAFs)

Sensor type	Motion analysis features
Time (calculation time: 0.03 s)	Total trial time
	Inverse of trial time
	Inverse square of trial time
	Square of trial time
	Square root of trial time
Tool tip visibility (calculation time: 0.33 s)	Time inside camera view Time outside camera view Time visible/(time visible + time not visible)
Grip (calculation time: 0.57 s)	Velocity  (Peaks ≥ 5°/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 10°/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 20°/s)/trial time  Time v = 0  Time v > 0  Time v = 0/(time v = 0 + time v > 0) Acceleration  (Peaks ≥ 100°/s2)/trial time  Time a = 0  Time a > 0  Time a = 0/(time a = 0 + time a > 0)
Tip motion (calculation time: 12.43 s)	Linear path  X, Y, and Z path lengths (for each tool)  Total path length (for each tool)  Path range (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool Angular paths  Roll, elevation, and azimuth angular path lengths (for each tool)  Total angular path length (for each tool)  Angular path range (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool Average linear speed  Vx a, Vy a, and Vz a (for each tool)  Total average speed (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool Instantaneous linear velocity  Vx i, Vy i, and Vz i (for each tool)  Max, min, and std. dev. of each value (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool  (Peaks ≥ 2 cm/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 5 cm/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 10 cm/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 100 cm/s)/trial time Average angular speed ωx a, ωy a, and ωz a (for each tool)  Total average speed (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool Instantaneous angular velocity ωx i, ωy i, and ωz i (for each tool)  Max, min, and std. dev. of each value (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool  (Peaks ≥ 1°/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 10°/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 20°/s)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 200°/s)/trial time Average linear acceleration  ax a, ay a, and az a (for each tool)  Total average speed (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool  Ratios of values from each tool Instantaneous linear acceleration  ax i, ay i, and az i (for each tool)  Max, min, and std. dev. of each value (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool  (Peaks ≥ 10 cm/s2)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 100 cm/s2)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 1000 cm/s2)/trial time   (Peaks ≥ 10,000 cm/s2)/trial time Average angular acceleration αx a, αy a, and αz a (for each tool)  Total average speed (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool Instantaneous angular acceleration αx i, αy i, and αz i (for each tool)  Max, min, and std. dev. of each value (for each tool)  Ratios of values from each tool  (Peaks ≥ 50°/s2)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 100°/s2)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 1000°/s2)/trial time  (Peaks ≥ 10,000°/s2)/trial time