Table 4.
Risk factors of neonatal infections from multivariable GEE log-binomial regression
| Risk factors | Model 1 (full) | Model 2 (final) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk ratio | 95% CI | Risk ratio | 95% CI | |
| Household wealth quintile (ref: highest quintile) | ||||
| Lowest quintile (poorest) | 1.05 | 0.95–1.17 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.16 |
| Second lowest quintile | 1.06 | 0.96–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.17 |
| Middle quintile | 1.03 | 0.93–1.14 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.14 |
| Second highest quintile | 1.08 | 0.98–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.97–1.19 |
| Non-Muslims (ref: Muslim) | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 |
| Mother’s age (ref: < 25 years) | ||||
| 25–29 years | 0.94 | 0.87–1.02 | 0.94 | 0.87–1.03 |
| 30–34 years | 1.10 | 1.00–1.21 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.21 |
| 35 years and above | 1.08 | 0.96–1.22 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.23 |
| Mothers primary or above (ref: below primary) | 0.94 | 0.87–1.02 | 0.94 | 0.87–1.02 |
| Father’s primary and above (ref: below primary) | 1.08 | 1.00–1.16 | 1.08 | 1.00–1.16 |
| Pregnancy order (ref: first pregnancies) | ||||
| Second | 0.93 | 0.85–1.02 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.02 |
| Third | 0.88 | 0.79–0.97 | 0.88 | 0.79–0.97 |
| Fourth or higher | 0.79 | 0.71–0.87 | 0.79 | 0.71–0.87 |
| History of child death (ref: no history of death) | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 |
| ≤ 0.5 room per person in the house (ref: > 0.5) | 1.14 | 1.04–1.26 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.25 |
| Antenatal iron consumption for ≥ 60 days (ref: < 60 days) | 0.96 | 0.89–1.03 | 0.96 | 0.89–1.03 |
| ANC from qualified provider (ref: no) | 1.11 | 1.03–1.19 | 1.11 | 1.03–1.19 |
| Antenatal complications (ref: no complications) | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 |
| Home delivery (ref: facility delivery) | 2.13 | 1.73–2.62 | 1.86 | 1.58–2.19 |
| Skilled birth attendant (ref: unskilled attendant) | 1.19 | 1.01–1.40 | ||
| Washed hands before delivery (ref: no) | 0.92 | 0.77–1.09 | ||
| Prolonged labor (ref: no) | 1.04 | 0.93–1.16 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.16 |
| Prolonged rupture of membrane (ref: no) | 1.02 | 0.91–1.14 | 1.02 | 0.92–1.14 |
| Retained placenta (ref: no) | 1.15 | 0.98–1.35 | 1.14 | 0.96–1.34 |
| Non-study substances on cord (ref: no) | 0.96 | 0.85–1.09 | 0.96 | 0.85–1.09 |
| Non-sterile cord cutting and tying (ref: sterile) | 1.13 | 1.02–1.25 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.28 |
| Multiple birth (ref: singleton birth) | 1.33 | 1.15–1.55 | 1.34 | 1.15–1.56 |
| Female baby (ref: male baby) | 0.96 | 0.90–1.02 | 0.96 | 0.89–1.02 |
| Gestational age at birth (ref: ≥ 37 weeks) | ||||
| < 35 weeks | 1.09 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.19 |
| 35–36 weeks | 0.97 | 0.87–1.07 | 0.96 | 087–1.07 |
| Birth weight (ref: ≥ 2500 g) | ||||
| < 1500 g | 4.70 | 4.01–5.51 | 4.69 | 4.01–5.48 |
| 1500–1999 g | 2.15 | 1.92–2.41 | 2.15 | 1.92–2.42 |
| 2000–2499 g | 1.16 | 1.07–1.25 | 1.15 | 1.07–1.25 |
| Birth asphyxia (ref: no birth asphyxia) | 1.66 | 1.51–1.82 | 1.65 | 1.51–1.81 |
| Dried baby after 30 min (ref: < 30 min) | 0.93 | 0.66–1.30 | 0.94 | 0.73–1.20 |
| Wrapped after 30 min (ref: < 30 min) | 1.20 | 0.96–1.51 | 1.19 | 0.95–1.49 |
| Breastfed after 1 h (ref: within 1 h) | 0.96 | 0.84–1.09 | ||
| Oil massaged within 1 h (ref: no massage within 1 h) | 1.03 | 0.91–1.16 | ||
| Bathed baby within 1 day (ref: delayed bath for 1 day) | 1.01 | 0.78–1.32 | ||