Table 2.

Plant-based traditional medicines relevant for the treatment and management of diabetes among respondents, Gondar, Ethiopia (N = 387)

Nomenclature			Parts used	Potential side effects and toxicities
Scientific	English	Local namea
Moringa. stenopetala	Moringa, cabbage-tree	Sheferaw	Leaves (Commonly grounded into powder for mixing)	Causes uterine contractions, Inhibits CYP3A4 (inhibits metabolism of anti-diabetic drugs in the meglitinide class), Chronic kidney disease, Hepatotoxicty [36, 37]
Hagenia Abyssinicaa	East African rosewood	Kosso	Flower and leaf extracts	Hepatotoxicity, Diarrhea, Gastritis, Optic atrophy [38, 39]
Aloe vera (ferox species)	Cape aloes, Aloe Vera	Eret	Gel extract, Leaves Rind Stem	Volume depletion, Hypoglycemia, Photosensitivity, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity [40–44]
Clausena anisataa	Horse wood	Limche	Leaf, stem, and Root extracts	Heavy metal bio-accumulation (Iron, cadmium, manganese), Hypoglycemia, Gastritis [29, 45–47]
Allium sativum L.	Garlic	Nech shinkurt	Bulb taken with ‘injera’ before breakfast	Severe allergic reactions, changes in the menstrual cycle, nausea; sweating, hypoglycemia, interact with some medicines like HIV protease inhibitors (eg, saquinavir) [31, 32]
Otostegia integrifolia Benth	Abyssinian rose	Tinjute	The wood burnt to fumigate homes, the aroma from the smoke smelled	Good safety profile [26]
Caylusea abyssinica (fresen.)		Giesilla	Root chopped and mixed with cold water and drenched	Convulsions, coma, diarrhea and lacrimation [27]

^aAmharic language