Table 7.
Effects of prenatal care and socioeconomic status on cesarean delivery use, low-risk subsample with partner’s socioeconomic variables included, logit model 1 (odds ratios)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal care | ||||
| First prenatal visit | ||||
| Second trimester | 1.09 (0.299) | 1.03 (0.271) | 0.69 (0.356) | 0.67 (0.284) |
| Third trimester | 3.69b (1.907) | 3.79a (1.921) | 3.46b (1.716) | 3.58a (1.704) |
| Obstetric ultrasounds | ||||
| < 3 | 0.83 (0.301) | 0.84 (0.307) | 0.71 (0.310) | 0.72 (0.245) |
| ≥ 4 | 1.14c (0.088) | 1.12 (0.087) | 1.12 (0.090) | 1.10 (0.087) |
| No nuchal translucency ultrasound | 0.89 (0.210) | 0.93 (0.202) | 0.97 (0.281) | 1.01 (0.232) |
| No morphology ultrasound | 0.84 (0.314) | 0.80 (0.295) | 0.79 (0.327) | 0.75 (0.218) |
| No early prenatal interview | 1.01 (0.083) | 1.02 (0.079) | 0.99 (0.080) | 1.01 (0.090) |
| No prenatal education | 1.35a (0.082) | 1.37a (0.084) | 1.33a (0.112) | 1.33a (0.088) |
| Partner’s socioeconomic level | ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Manual worker | 0.99 (0.182) | 1.00 (0.187) | 0.88 (0.127) | 0.89 (0.195) |
| Office, sales, or service staff | 1.09 (0.089) | 1.10 (0.090) | 1.08 (0.088) | 1.08 (0.077) |
| Farmer | 2.14b (0.798) | 2.14b (0.794) | 2.57b (1.179) | 2.56b (1.005) |
| Craft/trades worker or entrepreneur | 1.05 (0.121) | 1.05 (0.121) | 1.01 (0.152) | 1.02 (0.142) |
| Intermediate (technical) | 0.78 (0.143) | 0.79 (0.142) | 0.84 (0.132) | 0.85 (0.162) |
| Work status | ||||
| Unemployed | 1.44a (0.118) | 1.43a (0.115) | 1.60b (0.293) | 1.60a (0.169) |
| Not in labor force | 0.90 (0.081) | 0.89 (0.082) | 0.88 (0.153) | 0.86 (0.096) |
| Hospital controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Hospital effects | Fixed | Random | Fixed | Random |
| Residence fixed effects | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| N (observations) | 10,732 | 10,732 | 9197 | 9197 |
All regressions use the subsample of low-risk women (nulliparous, aged 20–34 years, without any diagnosis or co-morbidity, giving birth at full term, during labor, without induction, to a singleton infant in cephalic presentation, and with a normal birth weight). Hospital control variables include hospital type (ownership status, equipment level, and teaching status), organization (day of delivery, obstetrician availability, and size), and staff (midwives, obstetricians, and anesthetists in FTEs per bed). Hospital invariant control variables (ownership status, equipment level, and teaching status) are only included in regressions with hospital random effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses
a = 1% significance level, b = 5%, c = 10%