Table 1. Taxa signalment, enclosure type, enrichment provided, and summary of novel object performance in accordance with “characteristics of an effective test” (see “novel objects” in methods).

Taxa	Common name	M:F:Juveniles	Age range	Enclosure type	Previous enrichment	Stationary	Moving	Mirror
Ammotragus lervia	Barbary sheep	7:5:0	4–12 years	Closeda	-Browse -Substrate changes -Scent sprays -Food Smears -Ice blocks in summer	Ineffective	Ineffective	Ineffective
Calyptorhynchus banksia	Red tailed black cockatoos	4:3:0	Unknown	Closeda	-Seed balls /pinecones -Nesting material -Papermache food balls	Ineffective	Ineffective	Ineffective
Geochelone elegans	Indian star tortoise	3:2:0	15–19 years	Closeda	-Substrate changes	Ineffective	Ineffective	Effective
Eudyptula minor	Little penguins	0:2:8 (Data not used on 3 of the juvenile males due to moulting)	1–12 years	Closed/visitor interactionsb	-Frozen fish ice blocks -Bubbles/water streams -Training with keepers for cognitive tasks -Daily visitor hand feeding	Ineffective	Ineffective	Effective
Macropus rufus	Red kangaroos	0:4:1	10 months– 9 years	Walk throughc	-Browse -Substrate changes -Change of enclosure set up	Effective	Effective	Effective
Lemur catta	Ringtail lemurs	8:0:0	6–16 years	Walk throughc	-Browse -Smear boards -Puzzle feeders/kongs -Scent sprays	Effective	Effective	Effective

Notes.

^aClosed enclosure—animals are enclosed and have no close contact with visitors.

^bVisitor interactions—visitors can interact with the animals for short periods while supervised by keepers.

^cWalk through—animals enclosed in an enclosure with airlocks, allowing for visitors to walk along a path through the enclosure. Interactions between animals and visitors are always monitored.