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. 2018 Mar 6;12:33. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00033

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Copyright © 2018 Nakajima, Kinoshita, Okita, Yahata, Matsui and Nakada.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Results of intraoperative findings with the voxel-based lesion-symptom (VLSM) and tract-based lesion-symptom (TBLS) analyses. Overlapped intraoperative findings on the VLSM results (A). Positive mapping sites (yellow circles) were located on the inferior frontal orbital and deep in the inferior frontal gyrus, which matched results of the VLSM analysis (red region). Numeral tags on intraoperative photographs represent results of mapping as follows; Case 15: Tag 1, motor; Tag 3 and 5, high-level mentalizing; Tag 4, visuospatial cognition, Case 5: Tag 1, dysarthria; Tag 2, high-level mentalizing. Cyan region, resection cavity. Intraoperative findings and the TBLS results (B). Left column: positive mapping site (Tag 9) was found in the superior frontal gyrus, which was on the origin of the fronto-striatal tract (FST) (pink). Tag 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, dysarthria; Tag 7 and 8, involuntary movement; Tag 9, high-level mentalizing; Tag 11, 12 and 13, positive findings using motor evoked potential. Right column: Spatial location of temporal disconnection of white matter induced by direct electrical stimulation (DES; yellow to orange region) was located along the superior longitudinal fascicles (SLF) III (green). Percentage of disconnection: yellow region, 100%; red region, 50%.