Table 1. Novel VSV recombinants used as oncolytic agents against cancer (reported 2012–2017).

VSV recombinants used as oncolytic agents against cancer designed before 2012 can be found in Table 1 of our previous review [8]. * Designed to prevent premature clearance of VSV.

Novel oncolytic VSV	Virus description	Ref	Designed to improve:
			Oncolselectivity	Safety	Direct oncotoxicity	VSV survival*	Tumour immunity
WT and miscellaneous
VSV-12'GFP	VSV expressing GFP reporter gene at position 1 and 2. Attenuated because all VSV genes are moved downward, to positions 3–7. Safe and still effective as an OV.	[36]		X
VSVFMDV and VSVHRV	Insertion of foot-and-mouth disease virus IRES and human rhinovirus type 2 IRES elements before the start codon of the M gene. Controlled the translation of VSV-M.	[55]	X	X
Foreign glycoprotein
VSV-αRGD, -αEchi, -αHER2 and -αEGFR	VSV encoding a modified VSV-G displaying tumour vasculature-targeting ligands (cyclic RGD and echistatin) and single-chain antibodies (scFv) against tumour-specific antigens (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor)	[37]	X	X
VSVFH with H mutations	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the MV F and H. Different mutations were made to H to disrupt attachment to nectin-4, SLAM and CD46.	[44]	X	X
VSVFH-αHER2	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the MV F and H displaying single-chain antibodies (scFv) specific for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Retargeted VSV to cells that expressed the targeted receptor.	[42]	X	X
VSV-CD133	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the MV F and H displaying single-chain antibodies (scFv) specific for CD133. Retargeted VSV to cells that expressed the targeted receptor.	[43]	X	X
rVSV(GP)	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the non-neurotropic glycoprotein of LMCV.	[46]	X	X		X
VSV-gp160G	Chimeric VSV (lacks full-length VSV-G) encoding a hybrid fusion protein, combining domains from gp160 of HIV-1 and VSV-G. Retargeted VSV to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated adult T-cell leukemia.	[47]	X	X
VSV-RABV-G, VSV-LASV-GPC, VSV-LCMV-GPC, VSV-EBOV-GP, VSV-MARV-GP	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the G of rabies virus, Lassa virus, LCMV, Ebola virus or Marburg virus.	[48]	X	X
VSVΔG-CHICKV, VSVΔG-H5N1, VSVΔG-Nipah F, VSVΔG-Nipah G, VLV	Chimeric VSV (lacks VSV-G) encoding the G of chikungunya virus, influenza virus H5N1, and Nipah virus F and G. For VLV only VSV-G is used and all other VSV genes are deleted and replaced by the Semliki Forest virus non-structural protein genes.	[49]	X	X
VSV/Maraba G	VSV-G is deleted and replaced by the glycoprotein genes from Maraba virus. Resistant to non-immune human serum.	[112]				X
Cancer suppressors
VSVΔM51eqFP650-p53wt, -p53CC, -p53CC/fs	VSV expressing the human p53 gene.	[98]	X	X	X		X
Immunomodulation
VSV-mIFNbeta-/hIFNbeta-NIS	VSV expressing the murine (m) or human (h) IFNβ gene and the thyroidal NIS.	[31]	X	X	X		X
VSV28.1 and VSV28.2	VSV expressing IL-28, a member of the type III IFN (IFN-λ) family, at position 1 and 5.	[34]	X	X			X
VSVΔ51-IFNγ	VSV expressing the murine IFN-γ gene.	[116]	X	X	X		X
VSV-NRAS, VSV-TYRP1 and VSV-CYC1	VSV expressing neuroblastoma-Ras, cytochrome c and tyrosinase-related protein 1.	[117]	X				X
VSV-HIF-2α, VSV-Sox-10, and VSV-c-Myc	VSV expressing hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]–2α, Sox-10, c-Myc.	[118]	X				X