Table 1.
Lipid alterations in neuronal lipid raft microdomains.
| Lipid alteration | Neuronal tissue | Related anomalies and injury | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| - Reduced levels of PUFA (DHA, AA), and oleic acid - Increased levels of the proportion of saturated fatty acids vs. PUFA |
Frontal cortex | Alzheimer's disease at late stages (ADV-VI) | Martín et al., 2010 |
| - Reduced levels of PUFA (DHA, AA), oleic acid, and cerebrosides - Decreased levels of cholesterol and sphingomyelin |
Frontal cortex | Low levels of estrogen in menopause Alzheimer's disease at late stages (ADV-VI) | Canerina-Amaro et al., 2017 |
| - Lower levels of cholesterol, sterol esters, sulfatides, and PUFA (DHA, AA) - Increased levels of sphingomyelin and saturated fatty acid content, and increased phospholipids/cholesterol ratio - The changes were highly significant in aged (14 months old) mice |
Neocortex | Double-transgenic APP/presenilin mice | Fabelo et al., 2012a |
| - Higher concentrations of gangliosides GM1 and GM2 - Lower concentrations of cholesterol |
Temporal cortex | Early and late stages of Alzheimer's disease | Molander-Melin et al., 2005 |
| - Alterations in the levels of gangliosides - Increased levels of GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GD3 - Reduced levels of GD1b and GT1b |
Frontal cortex Temporal cortex Parietal cortex Hippocampus Basal telencephalon |
Alzheimer's disease and its mice models | Reviewed in Ariga (2017) |
| - Lower levels of ganglioside GM1 - Higher levels of ganglioside GM3 |
Cortical areas | Parkinson disease | Di Pasquale et al., 2010 |
| - Reduced levels of cholesterol, gangliosides, PUFA (DHA, AA), plasmalogens, cerebrosides and sulfatides - Higher levels of saturated fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0) |
Frontal cortex | Incidental Parkinson disease Parkinson disease | Fabelo et al., 2011 |
| - Low levels of PUFA (DHA), plasmalogens and cholesterol | Frontal cortex | Dementia with Lewy bodies | Marin et al., 2017 |
| - Alterations in ganglioside profiles - Decreased levels of ganglioside GM1 - Increased levels of GD3 |
Human caudate region Forebrain of R6/1 transgenic mice |
Huntington's disease | Desplats et al., 2007 |
| - Increased levels of glucosylceramide, hexosylsphingosine, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and gangliosides - Decreased levels of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine - Altered sphingolipid/cholesterol proportion |
Occipital cortex from sheep | Neuronopathic Gaucher disease | Hein et al., 2017 |