Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of the subjects.
| T2DM | HC | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.66 ± 6.87 | 57.36 ± 5.42 | 0.312 |
| Sex (male:female) | 28/19 | 25/22 | 0.533a |
| Education (years) | 10.60 ± 3.06 | 10.77 ± 2.65 | 0.773 |
| T2DM duration (years) | 8.87 ± 6.61 | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.46 ± 5.11 | 23.94 ± 3.87 | 0.109 |
| Gray matter (cm3) | 608.15 ± 58.00 | 615.16 ± 51.67 | 0.538 |
| White matter (cm3) | 534.91 ± 64.85 | 524.16 ± 66.56 | 0.430 |
| Brain parenchyma (cm3) | 1143.06 ± 114.78 | 1139.32 ± 107.80 | 0.871 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.91 ± 16.81 | 134.55 ± 17.88 | 0.119 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.49 ± 10.01 | 80.26 ± 10.25 | 0.715 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.26 ± 2.08 | 5.63 ± 0.39 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 66.76 ± 22.80 | 38.15 ± 4.33 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.47 ± 2.70 | 5.22 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 14.91 (9.58, 24.54) | 11.41 (8.39, 17.10) | 0.035b |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.81 ± 1.05 | 2.22 ± 0.90 | 0.047 |
| HOMA2-IR | 0.28 (0.19, 0.52) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.32) | 0.015b |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.89 ± 1.04 | 5.10 ± 1.02 | 0.325 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.45 (1.05, 1.98) | 1.23 (0.91, 1.48) | 0.023b |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.23 | 1.41 ± 0.36 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.16 ± 0.83 | 3.27 ± 0.76 | 0.489 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 16.62 ± 10.03 | 10.70 ± 4.10 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 6.36 ± 2.45 | 5.72 ± 1.23 | 0.113 |
| Serum creatine (μmol/L) | 65.00 (57.00, 78.00) | 78.00 (66.00, 85.00) | 0.007b |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.86) | 0.639b |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 316.67 ± 79.72 | 328.34 ± 69.09 | 0.450 |
| Free triiodothyronine, FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.31 ± 0.91 | 5.13 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Free thyroxine, FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.52 ± 2.34 | 16.48 ± 1.89 | 0.032 |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH (mIU/L) | 2.12 ± 0.95 | 2.57 ± 1.54 | 0.090 |
p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
a
χ2 test for sex (n).
b
Mann-Whitney U-test for non-normally distributed data [median (QR)]. Independent t-test for the other normally distributed continuous data (means ± SD). T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy control; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.