Table 3.
Unadjusted correlates of prescription drug use
| Prescription opiates | Sedatives/Tranquilizers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age 50 years and older | 0.85 (0.59 – 1.21) | 0.37 | 0.44 (0.30 – 0.65) | < 0.01 |
| Male gender | 0.73 (0.53 – 1.01) | 0.06 | 0.41 (0.28 – 0.59) | < 0.01 |
| African-American race | 0.56 (0.34 – 0.92) | 0.02 | 0.31 (0.19 – 0.52) | < 0.01 |
| Homelessness* | 0.75 (0.34 – 1.66) | 0.48 | 1.58 (0.73 – 3.40) | 0.25 |
| Employed* | 0.59 (0.36 – 0.95) | 0.03 | 0.53 (0.29 – 0.97) | 0.04 |
| Health Care Access | ||||
| Health insurance coverage* | 1.24 (0.56 – 2.76) | 0.59 | 2.29 (0.69 – 7.56) | 0.18 |
| Prescription drug plan* | 1.38 (0.59 – 3.20) | 0.46 | 1.19 (0.45 – 3.12) | 0.73 |
| Usual source of care / primary care physician | 2.04 (1.08 – 3.85) | 0.03 | 1.12 (0.59 – 2.13) | 0.74 |
| Emergency room visits* | 2.12 (1.51 – 2.98) | < 0.01 | 1.97 (1.33 – 2.91) | < 0.01 |
| Outpatient clinic visits* | 1.33 (0.89 – 1.98) | 0.15 | 1.77 (1.07 – 2.94) | 0.03 |
| Tobacco and Substance Use | ||||
| Tobacco use* | 3.01 (1.89 – 4.81) | < 0.01 | 2.01 (1.20 – 3.36) | 0.01 |
| Substance use* | ||||
| Alcohol, marijuana | 2.62 (1.72 – 3.99) | < 0.01 | 1.94 (1.14 – 3.29) | 0.02 |
| Non-injection cocaine or heroin use+ | 4.74 (2.85 – 7.88) | < 0.01 | 4.82 (2.70 – 8.60) | < 0.01 |
| Injection drug use | 2.90 (1.85 – 4.54) | < 0.01 | 3.78 (2.25 – 6.34) | < 0.01 |
| Alcohol and/or drug detoxification program* | 3.24 (2.34 – 4.49) | < 0.01 | 2.91 (2.0 – 4.25) | < 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Any physical comorbidity | 1.11 (0.78 – 1.56) | 0.57 | 1.33 (0.88 – 2.03) | 0.18 |
| HIV positive | 1.03 (0.74 – 1.44) | 0.85 | 0.83 (0.56 – 1.25) | 0.38 |
| HCV positive | 1.38 (0.88 – 2.16) | 0.16 | 0.59 (0.38 – 0.93) | 0.02 |
| CESD score >23# | 2.08 (1.46 – 2.96) | < 0.01 | 3.53 (2.38 – 5.23) | < 0.01 |
| Depression*∘ | 1.88 (0.84 – 4.22) | 0.12 | 3.38 (1.50 – 7.63) | < 0.01 |
| Anxiety disorder*∘ | 1.37 (0.52 – 3.66) | 0.53 | 2.42 (0.90 – 6.48) | 0.08 |
| Manic depression*∘ | 2.11 (0.79 – 5.62) | 0.14 | 7.90 (2.95 – 21.14) | < 0.01 |
| Schizophrenia*∘ | 0.99 (0.10 – 9.54) | 0.99 | 1.73 (0.18 – 16.73) | 0.64 |
| Ever treated for any mental health condition | 2.29 (1.65 – 3.17) | < 0.01 | 4.16 (2.71 – 6.39) | < 0.01 |
| Body pain* | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
| Mild | 2.07 (1.23 – 3.48) | 2.13 (1.10 – 4.12) | ||
| Moderate - severe | 3.80 (2.27 – 6.36) | 4.08 (2.14 – 7.77) | ||
| Any registered disability* | 1.66 (1.18 – 2.32) | < 0.01 | 1.59 (1.07 – 2.36) | 0.02 |
+
Snorted cocaine, crack, snorted heroin or smoked heroin
*
During the prior 6 months
#
During the prior week
∘
Self-reported diagnosis
Abbreviations:
CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HCV, hepatitis c virus