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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 12.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2017 Nov 22;167:143–150. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.038

Table 1.

Demographic and Neuropsychological Measures. Means and SDs (in brackets) are displayed. Significant differences p < 0.05 between groups (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) are indicated by *. A superscript M next to a variable’s name indicates it was used for propensity score matching.

Unmatched (Full Sample) Matched Sample

BL (N = 31) ML (N = 30) BL (N = 23) ML (N = 23)

M SD M SD p M SD M SD p
Demographics
 AgeM 74.00 4.10 75.43 3.93 0.20 74.09 4.28 74.43 2.95 0.75
 EducationM 3.96 0.87 3.83 1.02 0.58 4.13 0.76 3.96 0.98 0.50
 MMSEM 29.42 0.72 29.17 0.99 0.26 29.43 0.66 29.26 0.86 0.45
 Gender (n Males)M 8 11 0.46 8 6 0.53
LSBQ Scores
 English Speaking 9.23 1.02 9.55 0.59 0.13 9.39 0.99 9.46 1.02 0.79
 English Understanding 9.27 0.99 9.62 0.58 0.11 9.37 1.07 9.54 0.99 0.50
 Second Language Speaking 7.84 1.71 1.28 1.39 0.00* 7.61 1.76 1.21 1.71 0.00*
 Second Language Understanding 8.16 1.80 1.78005 1.78 0.00* 7.89 1.86 1.81 1.80 0.00*
 Age Learned L2 3.03 4.88 8.75 6.21 0.00* 2.41 4.50 8.69 6.10 0.00*
 Proportion of participants who did not use L2 for an extended period of time 35.48% 48.64% 90.00% 30.78% 0.00* 27.27% 45.58% 87.50% 34.16% 0.00*
 For participants not using a second language, for how long was this (in years)? 12.82 12.98 64.31 16.13 0.00* 8.83 4.12 60.86 17.94 0.00*
Shipley
 VerbalM 106.20 10.55 111.27 5.53 0.02* 109.52 6.27 110.22 5.74 0.70
 BlocksM 101.90 12.10 110.00 13.73 0.02* 102.91 13.58 106.91 11.02 0.28
 Composite 105.20 9.27 112.20 9.91 0.01* 107.78 8.01 109.87 8.37 0.39
Trail Making Task
 Number Sequencing 11.29 3.47 13.00 2.03 0.02* 11.61 3.24 12.87 2.24 0.13
 Letter Number SwitchingM 10.74 3.46 12.53 1.89 0.02* 10.48 3.89 12.43 2.04 0.04*
 Switching errors 11.12 1.80 11.67 0.66 0.12 11.04 2.01 11.70 0.70 0.15
Verbal Fluency Task
 Letter Fluency 12.52 3.27 12.93 2.98 0.61 12.65 3.52 12.65 2.89 1.00
 Category Fluency 10.65 3.65 12.53 3.88 0.05* 11.39 3.55 12.17 3.71 0.47
 Category switching (total correct) 10.03 2.94 11.87 3.31 0.03* 10.30 2.95 11.43 3.38 0.23
 Category switching (total switching accuracy) 10.74 2.73 12.00 2.77 0.08 11.13 2.70 11.70 2.88 0.50
 Percent set-loss errors 11.58 1.57 11.30 1.82 0.52 11.17 1.61 11.04 1.94 0.81
 Percent repetition errors 9.65 2.65 10.90 1.81 0.04* 9.78 2.66 10.87 1.84 0.11
 Percent switching accuracy 12.65 0.66 12.93 0.25 0.03* 12.57 0.73 12.91 0.29 0.04*
Stroop Task
 Color naming 9.87 2.53 11.07 2.18 0.05* 10.17 2.61 11.09 2.17 0.20
 Word reading 10.71 2.88 11.07 2.27 0.59 11.17 2.27 10.96 2.38 0.75
 Inhibition 13.32 10.71 12.20 2.38 0.58 11.57 2.15 12.00 2.49 0.53
 Inhibition/switching 11.29 2.84 12.00 2.44 0.30 11.74 2.73 11.87 2.51 0.87
 Inibition/Switching vs. inhibition 9.81 2.50 9.83 2.55 0.97 10.13 2.18 9.91 2.73 0.77
 Inhibition errors 11.94 1.26 11.83 1.98 0.81 12.04 1.11 11.70 2.18 0.50
 Inhibition/Switching errors 11.23 1.87 11.17 2.12 0.91 11.43 1.67 11.17 2.06 0.64