Table 1.

Demographic and Neuropsychological Measures. Means and SDs (in brackets) are displayed. Significant differences p < 0.05 between groups (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) are indicated by *. A superscript M next to a variable’s name indicates it was used for propensity score matching.

	Unmatched (Full Sample)					Matched Sample
	BL (N = 31)		ML (N = 30)			BL (N = 23)		ML (N = 23)
	M	SD	M	SD	p	M	SD	M	SD	p
Demographics
AgeM	74.00	4.10	75.43	3.93	0.20	74.09	4.28	74.43	2.95	0.75
EducationM	3.96	0.87	3.83	1.02	0.58	4.13	0.76	3.96	0.98	0.50
MMSEM	29.42	0.72	29.17	0.99	0.26	29.43	0.66	29.26	0.86	0.45
Gender (n Males)M	8		11		0.46	8		6		0.53
LSBQ Scores
English Speaking	9.23	1.02	9.55	0.59	0.13	9.39	0.99	9.46	1.02	0.79
English Understanding	9.27	0.99	9.62	0.58	0.11	9.37	1.07	9.54	0.99	0.50
Second Language Speaking	7.84	1.71	1.28	1.39	0.00*	7.61	1.76	1.21	1.71	0.00*
Second Language Understanding	8.16	1.80	1.78005	1.78	0.00*	7.89	1.86	1.81	1.80	0.00*
Age Learned L2	3.03	4.88	8.75	6.21	0.00*	2.41	4.50	8.69	6.10	0.00*
Proportion of participants who did not use L2 for an extended period of time	35.48%	48.64%	90.00%	30.78%	0.00*	27.27%	45.58%	87.50%	34.16%	0.00*
For participants not using a second language, for how long was this (in years)?	12.82	12.98	64.31	16.13	0.00*	8.83	4.12	60.86	17.94	0.00*
Shipley
VerbalM	106.20	10.55	111.27	5.53	0.02*	109.52	6.27	110.22	5.74	0.70
BlocksM	101.90	12.10	110.00	13.73	0.02*	102.91	13.58	106.91	11.02	0.28
Composite	105.20	9.27	112.20	9.91	0.01*	107.78	8.01	109.87	8.37	0.39
Trail Making Task
Number Sequencing	11.29	3.47	13.00	2.03	0.02*	11.61	3.24	12.87	2.24	0.13
Letter Number SwitchingM	10.74	3.46	12.53	1.89	0.02*	10.48	3.89	12.43	2.04	0.04*
Switching errors	11.12	1.80	11.67	0.66	0.12	11.04	2.01	11.70	0.70	0.15
Verbal Fluency Task
Letter Fluency	12.52	3.27	12.93	2.98	0.61	12.65	3.52	12.65	2.89	1.00
Category Fluency	10.65	3.65	12.53	3.88	0.05*	11.39	3.55	12.17	3.71	0.47
Category switching (total correct)	10.03	2.94	11.87	3.31	0.03*	10.30	2.95	11.43	3.38	0.23
Category switching (total switching accuracy)	10.74	2.73	12.00	2.77	0.08	11.13	2.70	11.70	2.88	0.50
Percent set-loss errors	11.58	1.57	11.30	1.82	0.52	11.17	1.61	11.04	1.94	0.81
Percent repetition errors	9.65	2.65	10.90	1.81	0.04*	9.78	2.66	10.87	1.84	0.11
Percent switching accuracy	12.65	0.66	12.93	0.25	0.03*	12.57	0.73	12.91	0.29	0.04*
Stroop Task
Color naming	9.87	2.53	11.07	2.18	0.05*	10.17	2.61	11.09	2.17	0.20
Word reading	10.71	2.88	11.07	2.27	0.59	11.17	2.27	10.96	2.38	0.75
Inhibition	13.32	10.71	12.20	2.38	0.58	11.57	2.15	12.00	2.49	0.53
Inhibition/switching	11.29	2.84	12.00	2.44	0.30	11.74	2.73	11.87	2.51	0.87
Inibition/Switching vs. inhibition	9.81	2.50	9.83	2.55	0.97	10.13	2.18	9.91	2.73	0.77
Inhibition errors	11.94	1.26	11.83	1.98	0.81	12.04	1.11	11.70	2.18	0.50
Inhibition/Switching errors	11.23	1.87	11.17	2.12	0.91	11.43	1.67	11.17	2.06	0.64