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. 2018 Mar 12;8:35. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Phenotyping was conducted in research participants from 23andMe, Inc., using the 60-question Empathy Quotient (a). Three GWAS analyses were conducted: non-stratified GWAS (b) and sex-stratified GWAS (d) in unrelated individuals of primarily European ancestry. Summary non-stratified GWAS data were used to conduct SNP heritability, gene, pathway, and functional enrichment, genetic correlations with psychiatric conditions, psychological traits and education, and Bayesian gene colocalization (c). Summary sex-stratified GWAS data were used to conduct sex-specific SNP heritability, genetic correlation between the male and female datasets, and enrichment in sex differentially expressed genes (e)