Table 1.
Adult male offspring metabolic profile.
| CD | SD | HF | HFSD | Maternal HF | Maternal salt | Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (g) | 624.36 ± 19.86 | 600.24 ± 16.32+ | 725.27 ± 14.59* | 635.79 ± 30.81+ | P = 0.004 | P = 0.014 | NS |
| Retroperitoneal adipose tissue (g) | 18.72 ± 1.39 | 13.63 ± 1.61+ | 24.31 ± 3.19 | 19.42 ± 3.24 | P = 0.033 | P = 0.058 | NS |
| Retroperitoneal adipose tissue (% body weight) | 3.00 ± 0.20 | 2.28 ± 0.25 | 3.33 ± 0.41 | 2.95 ± 0.41 | NS | NS | NS |
| Liver (% body weight) | 2.69 ± 0.05 | 2.62 ± 0.09 | 2.60 ± 0.13 | 2.57 ± 0.09 | NS | NS | NS |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 3.73 ± 1.07 | 9.68 ± 2.33 | 25.54 ± 7.41* | 5.15 ± 2.02+ | NS | NS | P = 0.002 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 9.36 ± 0.40 | 9.03 ± 0.32 | 9.43 ± 0.41 | 9.03 ± 0.23 | NS | NS | NS |
| Fasting insulin (ng/mL) | 1.42 ± 0.24 | 3.43 ± 0.84 | 4.40 ± 1.37* | 1.38 ± 0.23+ | NS | NS | P = 0.013 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.57 ± 0.08 | 1.48 ± 0.40 | 1.91 ± 0.62* | 0.56 ± 0.10+ | NS | NS | P = 0.015 |
| IL-1β (ρg/mL) | 31.72 ± 2.87 | 31.49 ± 2.65 | 26.93 ± 2.65 | 27.12 ± 2.87 | NS | NS | NS |
| IL-6 (ρg/mL) | 196.92 ± 22.12 | 80.89 ± 22.12* | 99.33 ± 20.48* | 83.15 ± 22.12* | P = 0.04 | P = 0.006 | P = 0.032 |
| TNFα (ρg/mL) | 8.08 ± 4.23 | 12.61 ± 3.57 | 19.45 ± 3.57 | 11.81 ± 3.86 | NS | NS | NS |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 2.32 ± 0.35 | 2.19 ± 0.32 | 1.39 ± 0.30 | 2.49 ± 0.35 | NS | NS | NS |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.81 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.10 | 1.04 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.11 | P = 0.042 | NS | NS |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | NS | NS | NS |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.92 ± 0.19 | 1.84 ± 0.17 | 1.65 ± 0.16 | 1.72 ± 0.19 | NS | NS | NS |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.84 ± 0.16 | 1.92 ± 0.15 | 1.87 ± 0.14 | 1.85 ± 0.16 | NS | NS | NS |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 403.50 ± 94.05 | 577.17 ± 94.05 | 503.50 ± 81.45 | 696.50 ± 94.05 | NS | P = 0.056 | NS |
Plasma was analyzed by ELISA [leptin, insulin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α] or Hitachi autoanalyzer [glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase]. HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) was calculated using the following calculation: [fasting glucose (mmol/L) × fasting insulin/22.5]. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with Holm–Sidak post hoc analysis, where *P < 0.05 compared to CD and +P < 0.05 compared to HF. NS indicates the effect is not statistically significant.