Table 3.
GPL supplementation and cognitive function in older adults with dementia (trials listed in reverse chronological order) and by subject type.
| Trial | Design | Subjects | N | Age (years) | Treatment | Time | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al., 2015 | R, PC, PG | AD | 57 | T: 74.9 ± 18.2P: 75.3 ± 11.8 | 300 mg/d PS | 20 w | Significantly improved memory performance (vocabulary-picture matching) following treatment |
| More et al., 2014 (sub-study 2) | DB, R, PC, PG | AD | 96 | 50–90 (75.3) | 300 mg/d SB-PS + 240 mg/d PA | 2 mo | No further deterioration in ADL score following treatment, though further deterioration evident following placebo. Slight, though non-significant improvements in both groups, though there was a higher proportion of participants in the treatment group progressing from abnormal (≤23) to normal score range (>23) than placebo. |
| Heiss et al., 1994 | R, OL, PG | AD | 70 | 48–79 | CT + PS (400 mg/d); CT + P* (1,200 mg/d); CT; SS | 6 mo | Significantly improved orientation performance (on MMSE) after 8 and 16 weeks treatment for CT+ PS group relative to SS or CT, but not compared to CT + P*. No between group differences on MMSE at 6 months. Within group analysis indicates that no treatment effects were evident for SS or CT. CT+P* demonstrated increased orientation scores at 8 weeks and verbal fluency at 16 weeks. CT+PS demonstrated significantly higher MMSE at 8 and 16 weeks with a trend toward higher scores at 6 months. A similar trend was evident for orientation scores. Visuospatial performance also improved in the CT+PS group. |
| Heiss et al., 1993 | OL, R, PG | AD | 80 | Not Specified | CT + PS (400 mg/d); CT + P* (1,200 mg/d); CT; SS | 6 mo | Significantly improved MMSE score, as well as block span test (short term memory performance) only evident for CP+PS group |
| Amaducci, 1988 | R, DB, PC, PG | AD | 142 | T: 62.0 ± 7.4P: 62.2 ± 6.9 | 200 mg/d BC-PS | 3 mo | Significantly improved BDRS score following 3 months treatment. Significant improved BDRS score, relative to baseline, was evident 3 months post-treatment. |
| Yaguchi et al., 2009 | OL, PG | MCI, D | 67 | 59–93 (77.1 ± 0.8) | 300 mg/d POPhtCho | 6 mo | Treatment effects on mean MMSE score. Mean MMSE score was increased following treatment, with no change identified in control subjects. |
| Granata and Di Michele, 1987 | OL | D | 35 | 61–80 (70.94 ± 5.43) | 300 mg PS | 60 d | Significantly improved verbal and working memory performance |
| Puca et al., 1987 | OL | D | 27 | 55–80 (65.5 ± 8.6) | 300 mg PS | 60 d | Significantly improved verbal memory performance after 60 days. Some improvements in memory performance were maintained after 30 days no treatment. |
Design—R, Randomized; DB, Double Blind; PC, Placebo Controlled; PG, Parallel Groups; OL, Open Label; Subjects—MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; AD, Alzheimer's Dementia; D, Dementia; Time—d, Days; w, Weeks; mo, Months; Age—T, Treatment Group; P, Placebo Group; Treatment—SB, Soybean; BC, Bovine Cortex; PS, Phosphatidylserine; PA, Phosphatidic Acid; DLPhtCho, 1,2-dilynoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; POPhtCho, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; CT, Cognitive Training; SS, Social Support; P*, Pyritinol; Outcomes—ADL, Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; BDRS, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale.