Table 3.
Results of generalized estimating equations models assessing the relationship between self-control and both smoking status and high cigarette consumption (N = 1060).
| Variable | Smoking status |
High cigarette consumption |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | χ2 | B | SE | χ2 | |
| Year | −.03 | .01 | 16.04⁎⁎ | −.03 | .01 | 9.58⁎⁎ |
| Self-control | −.13 | .04 | 12.77⁎⁎ | −.11 | .05 | 5.47⁎ |
| Age | −.00 | .00 | 1.41 | −.00 | .00 | .03 |
| Female | −.05 | .09 | .24 | −.06 | .12 | .25 |
| Education level completeda | −.03 | .02 | 3.73 | −.05 | .02 | 5.04⁎ |
| Income | .00 | .00 | 2.06 | .00 | .00 | .19 |
| Unemployed (%) | .77 | .31 | 6.18⁎⁎ | .74 | .36 | 4.30⁎ |
| Retired (%) | .03 | .15 | .04 | .23 | .19 | 1.41 |
| Disabled (%) | −.42 | .19 | 5.15⁎ | −.27 | .26 | 1.13 |
| Other (%) | −.18 | .14 | 1.66 | .37 | .17 | 4.88⁎ |
| Household size | −.05 | .03 | 2.36 | −.00 | .05 | .01 |
| Level of urbanizationb | −.03 | .03 | .81 | −.11 | .05 | 5.69⁎ |
a
0 = not yet attending any education; special (low-level) education; other sort of education/training/apprenticeship, 1 = kindergarten/primary, 2 = continued primary education or elementary secondary education, 3 = continued special (low-level) education, 4 = pre-university education, 5 = junior vocational training, 6 = senior vocational training, 7 = vocational colleges, 8 = vocational colleges 2nd tier, and 9 = university education.
b
From 1 = very high degree of urbanization to 5 = very low degree of urbanization.
⁎⁎
p < 0.01.
⁎
p < 0.05.