Table 4.
Results of generalized estimating equations models assessing the relationship between consideration of future consequences scores and both smoking status and high cigarette consumption (N = 1218).
| Variable | Smoking status |
High cigarette consumption |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | χ2 | B | SE | χ2 | |
| Year | −.03 | .01 | 22.39⁎⁎ | −.03 | .01 | 9.68⁎⁎ |
| Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS) | −.01 | .01 | 7.05⁎⁎ | −.01 | .01 | 1.05 |
| Age | −.01 | .00 | 6.27⁎ | −.01 | .00 | 2.86 |
| Female | −.04 | .09 | .16 | −.09 | .12 | .62 |
| Education level completeda | −.05 | .02 | 9.87⁎⁎ | −.07 | .02 | 13.86⁎⁎ |
| Income | .00 | .00 | .88 | .00 | .00 | 1.32 |
| Unemployed (%) | .38 | .32 | 1.40 | .67 | .39 | 3.05 |
| Retired (%) | −.07 | .14 | .25 | .31 | .17 | 3.34 |
| Disabled (%) | −.27 | .16 | 2.79 | −.23 | .22 | 1.15 |
| Other (%) | .15 | .13 | 1.34 | .63 | .15 | 16.97⁎⁎ |
| Household size | −.02 | .03 | .51 | .02 | .04 | .19 |
| Level of urbanizationb | −.06 | .03 | 3.62 | −.12 | .04 | 8.38⁎⁎ |
a
0 = not yet attending any education; special (low-level) education; other sort of education/training/ apprenticeship, 1 = kindergarten/primary, 2 = continued primary education or elementary secondary education, 3 = continued special (low-level) education, 4 = pre-university education, 5 = junior vocational training, 6 = senior vocational training, 7 = vocational colleges, 8 = vocational colleges 2nd tier, and 9 = university education.
b
From 1 = very high degree of urbanization, to 5 = very low degree of urbanization.
⁎⁎
p < 0.01.
⁎
p < 0.05.