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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2018 Mar 8;172(6):1216–1227. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.015

Figure 1. Scales of Microbial Evolution.

Figure 1

A) Scale 1: evolution via single nucleotide polymorphisms, rearrangements, and transposon-mediated insertions. B) Scale 2: evolution within a microbiome, encompassing horizontal gene transfer mediated by phage, conjugation, and transformation. C) Scale 3: evolution between microbial communities is mediated by organismal transfer.