Table 2.
Events, adjusted event rates, and HRs for selected disease outcomes by prevalent AFO*
| No prevalent AFO
|
Prevalent AFO
|
HR (95% CI)‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | Rate/1,000 person-years# | Events | Rate/1,000 person-years# | ||
| Respiratory | |||||
| Pneumonia | 8,413 | 2.15 | 1,208 | 3.86 | 1.53 (1.44–1.63) |
| Other | 31,864 | 8.19 | 3,998 | 14.17 | 1.50 (1.45–1.55) |
| Cardiovascular | |||||
| Ischemic stroke | 29,928 | 7.67 | 2,018 | 7.39 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 7,017 | 1.80 | 823 | 2.17 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) |
| Major coronary event | 5,456 | 1.42 | 635 | 1.83 | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) |
| Heart failure | 2,453 | 0.64 | 543 | 1.33 | 2.19 (1.98–2.41) |
| All cardiovascular deaths | 10,170 | 2.71 | 1,429 | 3.69 | 1.29 (1.21–1.36) |
| Major vascular events | 43,262 | 11.3 | 4,458 | 13.51 | 1.27 (1.23–1.32) |
| Others | |||||
| Lung cancer | 4,081 | 1.03 | 551 | 1.59 | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) |
| Nonlung cancer | 17,727 | 4.44 | 1,614 | 4.60 | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) |
| Fracture | 11,568 | 2.90 | 1,107 | 3.00 | 1.06 (1–1.13) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1,052 | 0.25 | 83 | 0.29 | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) |
| Diabetes | 12,905 | 3.24 | 1,066 | 3.04 | 0.96 (0.9–1.02) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,594 | 0.39 | 118 | 0.37 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) |
Notes:
*
AFO defined as FEV1/FVC < lower limit of normal, based on baseline lung function measurement;
#
rates adjusted for age, sex, and region;
‡
adjusted for age, sex, region, smoking, education, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol intake and stratified by age at risk, sex, and study area.
Abbreviations: AFO, airflow obstruction; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.