Table 3.
Event, adjusted event rates, and HRs for selected disease outcomes by different grades of prevalent AFO*
| Incident cases | No AFO
|
AFO – grade 1
|
AFO – grade 2/3
|
AFO – grade 4/5
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | Rate# | HR (95% CI)‡ | Events | Rate# | HR (95% CI)‡ | Events | Rate# | HR (95% CI)‡ | Events | Rate# | HR (95% CI)‡ | |
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Pneumonia | 8,413 | 2.15 | 1 (0.97–1.03) | 304 | 2.10 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 335 | 3.44 | 1.43 (1.29–1.60) | 569 | 6.22 | 2.23 (2.05–2.43) |
| Other respiratory | 31,864 | 8.19 | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 1,092 | 8.31 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1,084 | 12.84 | 1.36 (1.28–1.45) | 1,822 | 25.08 | 2.33 (2.22–2.44) |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Ischemic stroke | 29,928 | 7.67 | 1 (0.98–1.02) | 631 | 7.41 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 647 | 7.47 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 740 | 7.09 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 7,017 | 1.80 | 1 (0.97–1.03) | 226 | 1.55 | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 253 | 2.13 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 344 | 2.56 | 1.40 (1.26–1.55) |
| Major coronary event | 5,456 | 1.42 | 1 (0.97–1.03) | 146 | 1.26 | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 171 | 1.46 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 318 | 2.46 | 1.74 (1.55–1.94) |
| Heart failure | 2,453 | 0.64 | 1 (0.95–1.05) | 78 | 0.56 | 0.98 (0.79–1.23) | 133 | 0.85 | 1.64 (1.38–1.95) | 332 | 2.46 | 3.74 (3.35–4.17) |
| All cardiovascular deaths | 10,170 | 2.71 | 1 (0.98–1.03) | 316 | 2.40 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 411 | 3.06 | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | 702 | 5.24 | 1.68 (1.56–1.81) |
| Major vascular event | 43,262 | 11.3 | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 1,046 | 10.61 | 0.9 (0.85–0.96) | 1,210 | 11.87 | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) | 2,202 | 17.38 | 1.71 (1.64–1.79) |
| Other | ||||||||||||
| Lung cancer | 4,081 | 1.03 | 1 (0.96–1.04) | 151 | 1.20 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 149 | 1.43 | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 251 | 2.16 | 1.67 (1.47–1.89) |
| Nonlung cancer | 17,727 | 4.44 | 1 (0.98–1.02) | 595 | 4.45 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 471 | 4.97 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 548 | 4.56 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) |
| Fracture | 11,568 | 2.90 | 1 (0.98–1.02) | 439 | 3.06 | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 321 | 2.80 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 346 | 3.01 | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1,052 | 0.25 | 1 (0.92–1.08) | 31 | 0.26 | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) | 24 | 0.27 | 1.06 (0.71–1.59) | 28 | 0.36 | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) |
| Diabetes | 12,905 | 3.24 | 1 (0.98–1.02) | 398 | 2.52 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 313 | 3.15 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 355 | 3.68 | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,594 | 0.39 | 1 (0.94–1.07) | 52 | 0.35 | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) | 31 | 0.37 | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 35 | 0.31 | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) |
Notes:
*
AFO defined as FEV1/FVC < LLN based on baseline lung function measurement; grade 1= FEV1/FVC < LLN (z-score of FEV1 −2 to 1); grade 2/3= FEV1/FVC < LLN (z-score of FEV1 −3 to −2); grade 4/5= FEV1/FVC < LLN (z-score of FEV1 < −3);
#
rates (per 1,000 person-years) adjusted for age, sex, and study area;
‡
HRs adjusted for smoking, education, body mass index, physical activity level, and alcohol intake and stratified by age at risk, sex, and study area.
Abbreviations: AFO, airflow obstruction; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; LLN, lower limit of normal.