Table 1.

Description of outcome classification based on responses to numeric rating scale, Oswestry disability index, and single question satisfaction assessment.

	Positive Outcome	Negative Outcome
Pain	Increase of ≥2 points on numeric rating scale pain score compared to baseline score.	A change of < 2 points in numeric rating scale pain score, or a decrease in numeric rating scale pain score, compared to baseline score.
Function	Increase of ≥15 points on Oswestry disability index score compared to baseline score.	A change of <15 points on Oswestry disability index score, or decrease in Oswestry disability index score, compared to baseline score.
Satisfaction	Report of “very satisfied” or “somewhat satisfied” in response to single question of satisfaction with care.	Report of “very unsatisfied” or “somewhat unsatisfied” in response to single question of satisfaction with care.
Composite	Had a positive outcome for pain, function, and satisfaction as described above.	Had a negative outcome in pain, function, and/or satisfaction as described above.