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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has an important role in licochalcone A (LicA)-induced autophagy. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) were pretreated with antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) for 2 h, and treated with 0.1% DMSO or 50 µM LicA for 24 h, the expression of TSC1/2 complex, PRAS40, carboxy-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), PDK1 and Rubicon were measured by immunoblotting.
