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. 2018 Feb 16;41(5):2535–2544. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3498

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Copyright: © Li et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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New bone mineralization and maturation is restrained in the nonunion group, accompanied by decreased AMPK activation and autophagic activity. (A) X-ray image showing the healing status of radial defects 16 weeks following surgery. (B) Masson staining (magnification, ×200) detected osteoid (blue) and mineralized bone (red) in calluses obtained from normal bone (control) and fracture ends 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post-surgery. (C) Immunohistochemical staining of AMPK, p-AMPK and autophagy-associated markers (LC3B and p62) 4 weeks after surgery (magnification, ×400). AMPK, adenosine monophos-phate-activated protein kinase; LC3B, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; p-AMPK, phosphorylated-AMPK.