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. 2018 Mar 6;12:439–452. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S146829

Table 2.

Characteristics of studies reporting prevalence of preexisting astigmatism

Study	Design	Location	Sites/centers	Period	Sample size		Age (years), mean ± SD	Female (%)	Astigmatism (D), mean ± SD
Study	Design	Location	Sites/centers	Period	Eyes	Patients	Age (years), mean ± SD	Female (%)	Astigmatism (D), mean ± SD
Behndig et al¹³	Retrospective cohort	Sweden	Multicenter	2008–2010	17,056	NR	NR	NR	NR
Chen et al¹⁴	Cross-sectional	China	Single-center	July 2009–May 2011	4,831	2,849	70.6±9.6	61.7	1.01±0.69
Cui et al¹⁵,²⁰	Cross-sectional	China	Single-center	2007–2011	6,750	4,561	70.4±10.5	55.6	0.9^*
De Bernardo et al¹⁶	Retrospective cohort	Italy	Single-center	January 2012–April 2013	757	380	71.9±10.2	53.7	1.02±0.69
Ercegović et al¹⁷	Retrospective cohort	Croatia	Single-center	April 2011–June 2011	392	202	77^*	55	0.75^*
Ferrer-Blasco et al¹⁸	Prospective	Spain	Single-center	NR	4,540	2,415	60.6±9.9	68.2	0.9±0.9
Guan et al¹⁹	Cross-sectional	China	Single-center	November 2009–November 2011	1,430	827	72.3±11.6	56.6	1.07±0.73
Hoffman and Hütz²¹	Retrospective cohort	Germany	Single-center	2000–2006	23,239	15,448	74^*	NR	NR
Khan and Muhtaseb²²	Cross-sectional	UK	Single-center	NR	1,230	746	75.5±10.7	54	1.03±0.73
Lekhanont et al²³	Prospective	Thailand	Single-center	January 2008–September 2010	2,010	1,005	68.2±9.2	61.4	1.05±0.62
Lyall et al²⁴	Prospective cohort	Scotland	Single-center	NR	3,498	1,814	74.5±10.2	60.1	1.04±0.78
Miyake et al²⁵	Retrospective	Japan	Single-center	April 2002–September 2009	12,428	7,187	69.9±12.1	NR	1.02±0.81
Oh et al²⁶	Retrospective cohort	South Korea	Single-center	May 2009–July 2013	2,847	2,847	66.6±12.1	64.2	0.79±0.64
Ostri et al²⁷	Cross-sectional	Denmark	Single-center	January 2002–December 2013	21,524	14,071	72±12	61	1.06±0.9
Prakairungthong et al²⁸	Retrospective cohort	Thailand	Single-center	October 2010–September 2011	2,688	2,671	66.2±10.8	57	1.09±0.87
Riley et al²⁹	Prospective	New Zealand	Single-center	January 1997–March 2000	502	488	74.9±9.8	NR	NR
Westin et al³⁰	Retrospective cohort	Sweden	Unclear	March 2013	6,712	NR	73.8±9.3	60.5	−0.71±0.78
Yuan et al³¹	Retrospective cohort	China	Multicenter	May 2012–April 2013	12,449	6,908	69.8±11.2	53.7	1.15±0.84

Note:

^*

Median.

Abbreviations: NR, not reported; D, diopters; SD, standard deviation; UK, United Kingdom.