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Causal diagram of our context of interest.
Note: We identified and adjusted four time-variable confounders and one intermediate variable shown here.
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ULN, upper limits of normal.
