Table 2. Characteristics of patient groups with and without CNVs.
| CNVa | Non-CNVa | Test statistic | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) χ (s) | 8.35 (4.84) | 9.67 (4.90) | −1.1b | 0.26 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 8 (34.8%) | 51 (68.9%) | 8.6b | 0.006 |
| Female | 15 (65.2%) | 23 (31.1%) | ||
| Hemiplegia n (%) | ||||
| Left | 13 (56.5%) | 37 (51.4%) | ||
| Right | 10 (43.5%) | 35 (48.6%), M=2 | 1.1b | 0.58 |
| Neuroimaging n (%) | ||||
| MCA | 7 (30.4%) | 24 (32.4%) | ||
| PVI | 10 (43.5%) | 30 (40.5%) | 2.9b | 0.24 |
| Otherc | 1 (4.34%) | 4 (5.4%) | ||
| Not available | 5 (21.7%) | 16 (21.6%) | ||
| Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test score χ(s) | 63.24 (27.1) | 63.79 (30.5) | −0.1d | 0.94 |
| Full Scale IQ percentile scoree χ(s) | 35.47 (26.9) | 46.08 (31.1) | −1.2d | 0.28 |
| Potential risk factors for CP | ||||
| Advanced maternal age (≥35 years) n (%) | 9 (39.1%) | 18 (25.7%), M=4 | 1.5b | 0.29 |
| Family history of genetic risk factorsf n (%) | 4 (17.4%) | 15 (20.8%), M=2 | 0.8b | 0.68 |
| Use of in vitro fertilization n (%) | 1 (4.3%) | 3 (40.5%) | 1.1b | 0.59 |
| Gestation n (%) | ||||
| Prematurity (<37 weeks) | 1 (4.3%) | 20 (27.0%) | ||
| Term (≥37 weeks) | 21 (91.3%) | 47 (63.5%) | 5.9b | 0.02 |
| Unavailable | 1 (4.3%) | 7 (9.5%) | ||
| Small or large birth weight for gestational ageg n (%) | 6 (27.3%), M=1 | 10 (15.4%), M=9 | 1.6b | 0.22 |
| Congenital malformations n (%) | 6 (26.1%) | 14 (18.9%) | 0.6b | 0.56 |
| Birth process complicationsh n (%) | 14 (60.9%) | 46 (63%), M=1 | 0.03b | 0.52 |
The sample had the following functional classification levels: Gross Motor Functional Classification level I (85.5%), II (10.5%), and III (3.9%); Manual Abilities Classification System level I (50%), II (39.7%), III (8.6%), and IV (1.7%); and Communication Function Classification System level I (75.5%), II (13.8%), III (5.2%), and IV (2.1%).
CNV, copy-number variation; M, missing data number per cell; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PVI, periventricular infarct; s, standard deviation; χ, mean.
Numbers of individuals in the CNV and non-CNV groups are 23 and 74, respectively.
Chi-square.
Other: for example, non-middle cerebral artery stroke, brain malformation.
t-test.
IQ testing was assessed only in children >4 years old.
”Family history of genetic risk factors” was defined as participants having a1st- or 2nd-degree relative with CP, early stroke or heart attack (<60 years old), or consanguinity. Consanguinity is defined as a hereditary relationship between biological parents or grandparents of the index child that is the result of having a common parent or other ancestor.
Small birth weight for gestational age ≤10th percentile; high birth weight for gestational age ≥97th percentile.
”Birth process complications” was defined as having undergone an emergency cesarean section, had an Apgar score <6 at five minutes, undergone resuscitation at birth, had umbilical cord blood pH <7.35, or seizures in the first 24 to 72 h of life, and/or neonatal encephalopathy.