Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for study sample
| Repeated measures model (n obs = 19,574) | SDQ hyperactivity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (n) | % | Mean | SD | ||
| Overall | 2.26 | 2.33 | |||
| FD change group (threshold ≥ 1): main analysis | |||||
| No difficulty | 6537 | 33.4 | 2.77 | 2.19 | |
| Increasing difficulty | 2067 | 10.56 | 3.35 | 2.28 | |
| Decreasing difficulty | 2851 | 14.57 | 3.22 | 2.30 | |
| In difficulty | 8119 | 41.48 | 3.66 | 2.39 | |
| FD change group (threshold ≥ 5) | |||||
| No difficulty | 14,323 | 73.17 | 3.05 | 2.25 | |
| Increasing difficulty | 1406 | 7.18 | 3.85 | 2.44 | |
| Decreasing difficulty | 1866 | 9.53 | 3.55 | 2.23 | |
| In difficulty | 1979 | 10.11 | 4.10 | 2.53 | |
| FD change group (threshold ≥ 10) | |||||
| No difficulty | 21,956 | 91.28 | 3.22 | 2.31 | |
| Increasing difficulty | 755 | 3.14 | 4.25 | 2.58 | |
| Decreasing difficulty | 921 | 3.83 | 3.94 | 2.5 | |
| In difficulty | 422 | 1.75 | 4.24 | 2.63 | |
| Covariates | |||||
| Estimated weekly income (£) | |||||
| < 100 | 939 | 4.80 | |||
| 100–199 | 2844 | 14.53 | |||
| 200–299 | 5736 | 29.3 | |||
| 300–399 | 4668 | 23.85 | |||
| > 400 | 5387 | 27.52 | |||
| Housing tenure | |||||
| Council association | 1653 | 8.44 | |||
| Private rented | 950 | 4.85 | |||
| Owned or mortgage | 16,971 | 86.7 | |||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single parent | 1357 | 6.93 | |||
| Cohabiting | 1712 | 8.75 | |||
| Married | 16,505 | 84.32 | |||
| Maternal education level | |||||
| < GCSE | 3873 | 19.79 | |||
| GCSE | 6952 | 35.52 | |||
| > GCSE | 8749 | 44.7 | |||
| Paternal employment | |||||
| Unemployed | 1070 | 5.47 | |||
| Stay at home, retired, in education | 387 | 1.98 | |||
| Employed | 18,117 | 92.56 | |||
| Maternal employment | |||||
| Unemployed | 365 | 2.16 | |||
| Stay at home, retired, in education | 7582 | 44.89 | |||
| Employed | 8942 | 52.95 | |||
| Parity (number of prior pregnancies) | |||||
| 0 | 8874 | 45.34 | |||
| 1 | 7303 | 37.31 | |||
| 2 | 2551 | 13.03 | |||
| 3 | 666 | 3.40 | |||
| 4 | 141 | 0.72 | |||
| 5 | 39 | 0.20 | |||
| Large family size (> 3 biological children in family) | |||||
| Yes | 835 | 4.27 | |||
| No | 18,739 | 95.73 | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 10,002 | 51.10 | |||
| Female | 9572 | 48.90 | |||
| Maternal depression between child age 0–3 | |||||
| Yes | 2131 | 10.89 | |||
| No | 17,443 | 89.11 | |||
| Paternal depression between child age 0–2 | |||||
| Yes | 358 | 2.74 | |||
| No | 12,691 | 97.26 | |||
| mean (SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (grams) | 3459 (507) | ||||
| Child age at FD measurement 1 (months) | 38.35 (32.56) | ||||
| Child age at FD measurement 2 (months) | 71.73 (35.78) | ||||
| Age at SDQ measurement | 89.75 (34.97) |
Notes: n for each variable differ due to data available. FD: financial difficulty, SDQ: strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Threshold ≥ 1 refers to main analysis, any financial difficulty vs none used to determine grouping. Threshold ≥ 5 and ≥ 10 represent more severe cutoffs on the financial difficulty scale (/15), thus represent analyses with moderate and severe cutoffs where an individual is considered to be in financial difficulty