Table 3.
Association between patient activation level and direct medical costs and total costs from a societal perspective
| Total costs from a healthcare perspective | Difference is costs from a healthcare perspective € [95% CI] | Total costs from a societal perspective | Difference in costs from a societal perspective € [95% CI] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Adjusted including EQ-5D health status | Mean (SD) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Adjusted including EQ-5D health status | |
| PAM level 1 | €2282 (3798) | Reference | Reference | Reference | €2627 (4147) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| PAM level 2 | €1908 (3314) | €−375 [€−1748 to €1026] | €−204 [€−1496 to €1114] | €264 [€−875 to €1670] | €2159 (3431) | €−468 [€−1970 to €998] | €−251 [€−1659–€1156] | €344 [€−891 to €1782] |
| PAM level 3 | €1781 (2978) | €−501 [€−1779 to €537] | €−624 [€−1731 to €324] | €−19 [€−932 to €881] | €1933 (3104) | €−694 [€−2045 to €427] | €−801 [€−2039–€240] | €35 [€−999 to €1059] |
| PAM level 4 | €1346 (2597) | €−936 [€−2282 to €288] | €−770 [€−1954 to €397] | €−263 [€-1278 to €823] | €1909 (3855) | €−719 [€−2282 to €921] | €−541 [€−1898–€955] | €146 [€−1060 to €1583] |
PAM patient activation measure, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval
aAdjusted for time since TL, sex, and education level