Table 4. Crude and Adjusted Association Between Patient Characteristics and Undiagnosed AMD Status.

Characteristic	OR (95% CI)		P Value
	Crude	Age Adjusted
Age	1.06 (1.04-1.09)	NA	NA
Visual acuity	7.06 (0.78-63.60)	3.94 (0.60-25.81)	.15
Visual acuity, logMAR (Snellen)
>0.0 (>20/20)	1.37 (1.01-1.84)	1.23 (0.91-1.65)	.17
≤0.0 (≤20/20)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
Sex
Male	1.43 (1.5-1.95)	1.39 (1.02-1.91)	.04
Female	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	1.37 (0.70-2.66)	1.25 (0.64-2.43)	.51
Other	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
General cognitive status
≥24 (Nonimpaired)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
<24 (Impaired)	0.50 (0.19-1.32)	0.39 (0.15-1.06)	.06
Education level
Less than high school	2.58 (1.08-6.15)	2.40 (1.03-5.62)	.04
High school or equivalent	1.38 (0.94-2.03)	1.19 (0.80-1.76)	.39
Some college or more	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
Medical conditions
Hypertension	1.38 (1.02-1.88)	1.32 (0.97-1.80)	.08
Heart problems	1.29 (0.94-1.78)	1.19 (0.85-1.65)	.31
Circulation problems	1.11 (0.71-1.74)	0.95 (0.59-1.54)	.84
Smoking status
Current	0.96 (0.45-2.03)	0.99 (0.47-2.12)	.99
Former	1.12 (0.82-1.52)	1.06 (0.78-1.45)	.70
Never	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
AREDS-related nutritional supplement use
Yes	1.01 (0.36-2.84)	1.04 (0.36-2.96)	.95
No	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
Pseudophakia	1.40 (0.95-2.06)	1.11 (0.73-1.68)	.62
Family history of AMD	1.33 (0.79-2.23)	1.32 (0.79-2.22)	.29
Time since primary care eye examination, mo
<6	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
6-12	1.20 (0.82-1.73)	1.19 (0.81-1.74)	.37
>12	1.03 (0.68-1.55)	0.95 (0.64-1.43)	.81
Primary eye care physician type
Ophthalmologist	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	NA
Optometrist	1.00 (0.72-1.37)	0.99 (0.71-1.36)	.94

Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study; NA, not applicable; OR, odd ratio.