Table 1.

Comparison between NHP models of PD highlighting key features for evaluation of CBTs for DA cell replacement

NHP PD model	PD motor symptoms	Nigrostriatal DA depletion	Typical LIDs	Synucleinopathy	Comments
6-OHDA	Yes	Yes	No	Not reported	Unilateral model. Requires multiple intracerebral stereotaxic injections to induce a stable lesion
MPTP systemic	Yes	Yes	Yes	Upregulation of a-syn	Bilateral model. Needs to be individually titrated, and depending on dosing paradigm may require from one week to over a year to induce syndrome. PD symptoms may spontaneously recover
MPTP systemic+aging	Yes	Yes	Yes	Upregulation of α-syn, possible aggregates	Same as MPTP systemic plus animals may require more intensive care post intoxication
MPTP ICA	Yes	Yes	No	Not reported	Unilateral model. Requires surgical set up; Induces a stable and reproducible lesion
MPTP ICA+aging	Yes	Yes	No	Not reported	Same as MPTP ICA except MPTP dose needs to be 2/3 of younger animals. Monkeys may require more intensive care post intoxication
Aged NHPs	Yes	Yes	No	Translocation of α-syn	Not enough dopamine deficit to be responsive to l-DOPA treatment
Viral vector delivery of α-syn	Yes (Common marmosets)	Yes	Unknown	Overexpression of α-syn, aggregates	Unilateral model. Requires intracerebral stereotaxic injections
Lewy body extracts	No	Yes	Unknown	Overexpression of α-syn, aggregates	Unilateral model. Requires intracerebral stereotaxic injections
α-syn Transgenic	Mild (Cynomolgus 1.5–2 years old)	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Bilateral model

6-OHDA 6 hydroxydopamine, α-syn alpha-synuclein, MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, ICA intracarotid artery, l -DOPA L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, LIDs l-DOPA induced dyskinesias