| Environment |
Excessive noise, hot or cold temperatures, light during the sleep period, |
| Moving to a new home or downsizing to a smaller space or a retirement community or related facility |
| Institutionalization |
|
| Behavioral/Social |
Irregular sleep schedules, caffeine use later in the day, alcohol close to bedtime. |
| Caregiving, hospitalizations, new medical problems |
| Retirement or lifestyle change |
| Death of a family member or friend |
| Inappropriate use of social drugs, e.g. alcohol (Note that alcohol is frequently used to self-medicate for sleep problems. It helps with falling asleep; however, when the effect wears off, sleep becomes light and disrupted.) |
| Napping |
|
| Demographics |
Female gender |
|
| Medical |
Medications: Theophylline, thyroid hormone, anti-cholinergics, stimulants, oral decongestants, antidepressants, corticosteriods, antihypertensives, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Sleep disorders: Sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, rapid eye movement disorder, Age-related circadian rhythm change (phase advance) |
| Psychiatric and cognitive conditions Depression, anxiety, mania, panic attacks, schizophrenia, substance abuse, dementia |
| Other Medical conditions: diabetes, fibromyalgia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic pain |
