Table 4.

Selected flavonoids and terpenoids (whose presence has been reported in plants of the Asteraceae family) with antiparasitic activity

Flavonoids	Organism tested	Concentration/dose IC50	References
Four polyoxygenated flavonoids	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	C1: 16 μM, C2: 18 μM, C3: 21 μM and C4: 11 μM	[97]
5,6,7,8,5-Pentamethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy flavone	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense;	Tb: 6.67 μg/mL	[98]
	Trypanosoma cruzi;	Tc- > 30 μg/mL
	Leishmania donovani and	Ld: > 30 μg/mL
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 4.57 μg/mL
5,6,7,5-Tetramethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyflavone	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense;	Tb: 7.29 μg/mL	[98]
	Trypanosoma cruzi;	Tc: 19.5 μg/mL
	Leishmania donovani and	Ld: > 30 μg/mL
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 4.26 μg/mL
5,6,7,8,3,4,5-Hepta-methoxyflavone	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense;	Tb: 4.76 μg/mL	[98]
	Trypanosoma cruzi;	Tc; 26.4 μg/mL
	Leishmania donovani and	Ld: 5.29 μg/mL
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: > 5 μg/mL
5,6,7,3,4,5-Hexamethoxyflavone	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense;	Tb: 8.58 μg/mL	[98]
	Trypanosoma cruzi;	Tc: > 30 μg/mL
	Leishmania donovani and	Ld: 8.61 μg/mL
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 2.99 μg/mL
4-Hydroxy-5,6,7,3,5-pentamethoxyflavone (ageconyflavone C)	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense;	Tb: 3.01 μg/mL	[98]
	Trypanosoma cruzi;	Tc: > 30 μg/mL
	Leishmania donovani and	Ld: 3.56 μg/mL
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 3.59 μg/mL
3, 5, 7, 3’-Tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone	Plasmodium falciparum	–	[23]
Bractein	Leishmania donovani	–	[54]
Kaempferol	Giardia lamblia	26.47 μg/mL	[17]
Quercetin	Giardia lamblia	8.73 μg/mL	[17]
(−)-Epicatechin	Giardia lamblia	1.64 μg/mL	[17]
(−)-Epigallocatechin	Giardia lamblia	8.06 μg/mL	[17]
Quercetin	Haemonchus contortus	250 μg/mL as highest concentration	[57]
Luteolin	Haemonchus contortus	250 μg/mL as highest concentration	[57]
	Leishmania donovani	0.8 μg/mL	[148]
Quercetin	Leishmania donovani	1 μg/mL	[148]
Fisetin	Leishmania donovani	0.6 μg/mL	[148]
3-Hydroxyflavone	Leishmania donovani	0.7 μg/mL	[148]
Luteolin	Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and 7G8	3D7: 11 μg/mL	[66]
		7G8: 12 μg/mL
Terpenoids
Vernodalin	Plasmodium falciparum	4 μg/mL	[100]
Vernodalol	Plasmodium falciparum	4.2 μg/mL	[100]
Vernolide	Plasmodium falciparum	8.4 μg/mL	[100]
Hydroxyvernolide	Plasmodium falciparum	11.4 μg/mL	[100]
16,17- Dihydrobrachycalyxolide	Plasmodium falciparum (K39, 3D7, V1/S and Dd2)	K39: 4.2 μg/mL	[101]
		3D7: 13.7 μg/mL
		V1/S: 3 μg/mL
		Dd2: 16 μg/mL
Tagitinin C	Plasmodium falciparum	0.75 μg/mL	[38]
15-Acetoxy-8 β-[(2-methylbutyryloxy)]-14-oxo-4, 5-cis-acanthospermolide)	Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	2.9 μg/mL	[34]
9 α-Acetoxy-15-hydroxy- 8 β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-14-oxo- 4,5-Trans-acanthospermolide	Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	2.23 μg/mL	[34]
3 β-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (oleanolic acid)	Leishmania amazonensis	La: > 100 μg/mL	[116,162], [161]
	Leishmania braziliensis	–
3 β-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (ursolic acid)	Leishmania infantum	Li: 7.4 μM	[89]
	Trypanosoma brucei	Tb: 2.2 μM
	Trypanosoma cruzi	Tc: 8.8 μM
	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 29.7 μM
Indicusalactone	Plasmodium falciparum	2.8 μg/mL	[132]
(−)-Oxyfrullanolide	Plasmodium falciparum	3.8 μg/mL	[132]
7-Hydroxyfrullanolide,	Plasmodium falciparum	2.5 μg/mL	[132]
Squalene	Plasmodium falciparum	2.3 μg/mL	[132]
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester	Plasmodium falciparum	2.4 μg/mL	[132]
(3s)-16,17-Didehydrofalcarinol	Leishmania mexicana	0.48 μM	[76]
Ursolic acid	Leishmania amazonensis	6.4 μg/mL	[162]
	Leishmania infantum	In vivo 1.0 mg/kg body weight (mice)	[49]
Urs-12-ene-3 β,16 β-diol	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 9.7 μM	[89]
	Leishmania infantum	Li: 9.3 μM
	Trypanosoma cruzi	Tc: 9.9 μM
	Trypanosoma brucei	Tb: 2.3 μM
3 β,11α-Dihydroxyurs-12-ene	Plasmodium falciparum	Pf: 23.9 μM	[89]
	Leishmania infantum	Li: 3.2 μM
	Trypanosoma cruzi	Tc: 8.1 μM
	Trypanosoma brucei	Tb: 7.8 μM
Betulinic acid	Caenorhabditis elegans	100 μg/mL	[22]
	Plasmodium falciparum W2	2.33 μg/mL	[91]
β-Sitosterol	Trypanosoma brucei brucei S427	12.5 μg/mL	[99]