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Branch point detection in skeletonized binary map. Mask [[1, 2, 4], [128, 256, 8], [64, 32, 16]] containing power of 2 elements (upper left), and seven unique pixel configurations within a 3 × 3 neighborhood, which correspond to branch points of helix overlap. The integer value on top represents the response of the convolution of a 3 × 3 neighborhood with the mask.
