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. 2018 Mar 12;8:4375. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22545-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of load energy of the microelectrodes. (A) Energy consumption for a single cathodal pulse from the microelectrodes with different shape when the constant charge per phase was injected. (B) Energy consumption compared to the circular shaped microelectrode. During constant current stimulation the energy required to deliver the same amount of charge was significantly lower for fractal electrodes than other high PSA or circular electrodes.