Fig. 4.

Number of Fe oxide grains from Greenland and Arctic Ocean sources at Site 913 from 48 to 26 Ma compared to proxy indicators of global climate, ice volume, and carbon cycle changes. Supplementary Figures 1–5 show the same figure but with vertical blue lines to mark intervals where Greenland-sourced IRD at Site 913 occurs or when there is an increase in δ¹⁸O, and/or detailed insets of the figure. Comparison shows the occurrence of Greenland ice and circum-Arctic sea ice at Site 913 sometimes, though not always, coincides with increasing benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and Pacific water δ¹⁸O, increases in the carbonate compensation depth, and relatively low pCO₂. a Ice-rafted Fe oxide grains from different source regions. Horizontal blue lines indicate 2 and 5 grains matched. b IRD mass accumulation rates (MAR) at Site 913 shown, with intervals containing dropstones or grains >250 um in size indicated by underlying dotted blue line. c Composite deep-sea benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O record is shown with a 3-point and 5-point running mean. d Changes in water isotopes at sites in the intermediate and deep Pacific are shown, with 3-point running mean for each, is plotted with a low-resolution global composite of reconstructed water δ¹⁸O. Underlying blue dotted lines indicate intervals where reconstructions show an increase in water δ¹⁸O of more than 0.6 per mil. e Carbonate compensation depth (CCD) for equatorial Pacific and tropical Pacific are shown, which are impacted by changes in sea level and carbon cycling. Dotted lines indicating where CCD is relatively deep or increases in depth. f Composite proxy pCO₂ reconstruction is shown with lines indicating minimum and maximum values, and gray dotted line marking 500 p.p.m.v. Complete list of data sources in Supplementary Methods