Table 2.
ROBINS-I (risk of bias judgements in non-randomized studies of interventions)
| Confounding | Selection of participants | Classification of interventions | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selection of reported results | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adair et al., 1995 [12] | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious |
| de Sousa et al., 2014 [23] | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious |
| Dimberg et al., 2010 [24] | Serious | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Duncan et al., 2008 [9] | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Facciolli Hebling et al., 2008 [25] | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Katz and Rosenblatt, 2005 [26] | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
| Lagana et al., 2013 [27] | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Lima et al., 2016 [15] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Melsen et al., 1979 [28] | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Moimaz et al., 2014 [3] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Scavone et al., 2007 [29] | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Schlomer, 1984 [30] | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
| Tibolla et al., 2012 [31] | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Wagner and Heinrich-Weltzien, 2016 [16] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Warren and Bishara, 2002 [32] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Zimmer et al., 2011 [13] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Zimmer et al., 2016 [14] | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious |
Low comparable to a well-performed randomized trial, Moderate sound for a non-randomized study, but not comparable to a rigorous randomized trial, Serious presence of important problems, Critical too problematic to provide any useful evidence on the effects of intervention, Overall risk of bias equal to the most severe level of bias found in any domain