Table 3. Open phase 2/3 studies for all patients with CRC.
| Immune target | Agent | Phase | Line | NCT Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-1 | Pembrolizumab + FOLFOX | II | First-line | NCT02375672 |
| Pembrolizumab | II | Refractory | NCT01876511 | |
| Pembrolizumab/azacitidine | II | Refractory | NCT02260440 | |
| Pembrolizumab with radiotherapy or ablation | II | Refractory | NCT02437071 | |
| Nivolumab + irinotecan or XELIRI | I/II | Refractory | NCT02423954 | |
| Pembrolizumab + cetuximab | I/II | RAS/BRAF wild, refractory | NCT02318901 | |
| Pembrolizumab + cetuximab | I/II | RAS wild, refractory | NCT02713373 | |
| MEDI4736 (durvalumab) | II | Brain metastases | NCT02669914 | |
| Atezolizumab with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy | II | Refractory | NCT02992912 | |
| PD-1 + other | Nivolumab + Anti-CD27 (varlilumab) | I/II | Refractory | NCT02335918 |
| Nivolumab +/− other agents (ipilumumab, cobimetinib, daratumumab, anti-LAG-3 Ab) | II | Refractory | NCT02060188 | |
| PD-1/CTLA-4 | Nivolumab + ipilimumab +/− celecoxib | II | Stage I–III | NCT03026140 |
| PD-1 / IDO | Nivolumab + epacadostat | I/II | Refractory | NCT02327078 |
| Cancer vaccines | OncoVAX | III | Stage II, resectable | NCT02448173 |
| Cytokine-induced killer cells | II | Stage II/III | NCT01929499 | |
| DC-CIK + FOLFOX | II/III | Stage III | NCT02415699 | |
| Type-1 polarized dendritic cell (αDC1) vaccine + (interferon-α2b, rintatolimod, and celecoxib | II | Refractory | NCT02615574 | |
| AlloStim® + cryoablation | II | Refractory | NCT02380443 | |
| AlloStim® + cryoablation vs. physician choice | II/III | Refractory | NCT01741038 | |
| ADT | DC-CIK + chemotherapy + radiation | II | Resectable, adjuvant | NCT02202928 |
| CIK immunotherapy | III | Adjuvant, resected | NCT02280278 | |
| D-CIK + anti-PD-1 antibody | I/II | Refractory | NCT02886897 | |
| DC-CIK and CIK + chemotherapy | I/II | Refractory | NCT03047525 | |
| Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes + pembrolizumab | II | Refractory | NCT01174121 | |
| Anti-MUC1 CAR-pNK cells | I/II | MUC1+ refractory | NCT02839954 | |
| Anti-MUC1 CAR-T cells | I/II | MUC1+ refractory | NCT02617134 | |
| TLR | CBLB502 (TLR5) | II | Neoadjuvant | NCT02715882 |
| IFN, Celecoxib, and rintatolimod (TLR3) | I/II | Recurrent, resectable | NCT01545141 | |
| MGN1703 (TLR9) | III | Maintenance, stage IV | NCT02077868 | |
| Other | Galunisertib (LY2157299, TGFβ receptor inhibitor) + chemoradiation | II | Rectal, neoadjuvant | NCT02688712 |
| rhGM-CSF | II | Adjuvant, stage III | NCT02466906 | |
| High-activity natural killer | I/II | Refractory | NCT03008499 | |
| IMM-101 + FOLFOX | I/II | Refractory | NCT03009058 |
NCT, national clinical trial; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; FOLFOX, 5 fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin; XELIRI, capecitabine, irinotecan; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IDO, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase; DC, dendritic cell; CIK, cytokine-induced killer cells; Pnk, peripheral natural kill; TLR, toll-like receptor; IFN, interferon; rhGM-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; TGFβ, Transforming growth factor beta.