Table 3.
Concentrations (mg kg−1 FW) (1) of free, bound or total BMAA and isomers (DAB, AEG) in edible parts of aquatic organisms reported in B graded studies. When concentrations were reported in mg kg−1 DW by authors, an estimate in mg kg−1 FW was calculated.
| Type of Sample | Species, Number of Sample | Origins | Concentrations (mg kg−1 FW) (1) | LOD | LOQ | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMAA | AEG | DAB | ||||||
| Bivalves | Mussels Mytilus edulis Oyster Ostrea edulis |
Baltic Sea | tBMAA 0.02–0.03 (3/3) tBMAA ND-0.02 (3/3) |
– | – | 70 fmol | – | [40] |
| Cockles Cerastoderma edule samples of 30 individuals | Ria de Aveiro Ria Formosa Portugal |
pbBMAA 0.018–0.081 (9/9) pbBMAA ND-0.1 (5/10) |
– | – | 0.05 ng | 0.05 ng | [56] | |
| Mussels Mytilus edulis | Canada | tBMAA 0.19–0.24 (9/9) | NQ | NQ | 20 ng g−1 DW | – | [57] | |
| Mollusks (29 species) 68 samples Mussel Mytilus coruscus Razor clam Solen strictus Gastropod Neverita didyma Other marine species: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea sp., Perna viridis, Antigona lamellaris, Atrina pectinata, Meretrix lusoria, Periglypta petechialis, Chlamys farreri, Mactra chinensis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Sinonovacula constrita, Tegillarca granosa, Haliotis discus hannai, Turritella bacillum, Natica maculosa, Batillaria zonalis, Moerella iridescens, Scapharca subcrenata, Mactra chinensis, Volutharpa ampullacea, Neptunea cumingii, Arca inflata, Merceneria merceneria, Rapana venosa, Argopecten irradians, Mimachlamys nobilis, Gafrarium tumidum |
Sampling in aquaculture zones and markets from 10 cities along the Chinese coast, and in situ sampling of gastropods | fBMAA (5/68) in: fBMAA 0.45 (1/2) fBMAA 0.66 (1/1) fBMAA 0.99–3.97 (3/5) For all samples pbBMAA ND (0/68) |
For all samples fAEG and pbAEG ND | For all samples pbDAB ND fDAB (53/68), in 23 marine species 0.05–2.65 |
BMAA: 0.31 AEG: 0.10 DAB: 0.013 |
– | [58] | |
| Crustaceans | Lobster Panulirus sp muscle tail | Florida |
Boiled flesh: tBMAA (2) 0.70–6.94 (4/4) Fresh flesh: fBMAA ND-0.08 (1/2) pbBMAA 0.42–2.20 (1/2) |
– |
Boiled flesh: tDAB (2) 1.10–8.33 (4/4) Fresh flesh: fDAB 0.17–0.21 (2/2) pbDAB 0.01–0.08 (2/2) |
BMAA: 48 fmol DAB: 26 fmol |
BMAA: 0.48 fmol DAB: 0.26 fmol |
[43] |
| Blue crab Callinectes sapidus meat of claws | East Atlantic | tsBMAA ND-24.8 (2/3) pbBMAA ND-10.80 (1/3) |
tDAB 11.57–15.67 (3/3) pbDAB ND-2.91 (1/3) |
– | – | [44] | ||
| Fish | Smelt Osmerus eperlanus Turbot Scophthalmus maximus Herring Clupea harengus Common whitefish Coregonus laveratus Pike-perch Sander lucioperca, fourhorn sculpin Triglopsis quadricornis, salmon Salmo salar |
Baltic Sea | tBMAA in muscles 0.003–0.05 (3/3) 0.001–0.003 (2/3) 0.002 (1/3) 0.007–0.014 (2/3) ND (0/3 for all species) |
– | – | 70 fmol | – | [40] |
| Bream Abramis brama Perch Perca fluviatilis Pike Esox Lucius Pike-perch Sander lucioperca Roach Rutilus rutilus Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua Tench Tinca tinca |
Sweden, freshwater lake | tBMAA in muscles 0.00002 ± 0.00006 (9/32) 0.00002 (1/29) 0.00001 (1/22) 0.0003–0.00013 (3/29) 0.00004 (1/24) 0.0008 ± 0.0008 (4/15) 0.0014 (1/15) |
– | – | 0.8 ng mL−1 | – | [48] | |
| Carp Cyprinus carpio | New Hampshire | f+pbBMAA 0.25 (1/1) in muscles |
– | f+pbDAB ND (0/1) | (in fmol) BMAA 48 DAB 26 |
(in fmol) BMAA 0.48 DAB 0.26 |
[51] | |
| Fin of 1 species, Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier evaluated by LC-MS/MS | Atlantic and Pacific | tBMAA 19.2–33.15 (4/4) | – | – | HPLC-FD: 2.7 ng | HPLC: 7.0 ng | [59] | |
| A single fin sample of the hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran evaluated by LC-MS/MS | Biscayne Bay Florida Bay |
tBMAA identified, NQ | – | – | HPLC-FD: 2.7 ng | HPLC: 7.0 ng | [60] | |
(1) Two methods were used in this study but only samples analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS are considered here. (2) Sum of values for hydrolysed supernatant and pellet. Sb = soluble bound; pb = precipitated bound; f = free; ts = total soluble; t = total; NA = data not available; NQ = not quantified; ND = not detected; DW = dry weight; FW= wet weight.