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. 2017 Jul 20;65(10):1703–1710. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix607

Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection Treated by Médecins Sans Frontières in Ethiopia From February 2008 to December 2013, by Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse Status

Characteristics at Admission Total (N = 146) VL Relapse (N = 44) No VL Relapse (N = 102) P
Sex, n (%)
 Male 140 (95.9) 43 (97.7) 97 (95.1) .67a
 Female 6 (4.1) 1 (2.3) 5 (4.9)
Residential status, n (%); n = 142
 Migrant worker 70 (49.3) 25 (59.5) 45 (45.0) .24a
 Resident 70 (49.3) 17 (40.5) 53 (53.0)
 Settler 2 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.0)
Age (years), median (IQR) 31 (27–38) 30.5 (27−39) 31.5 (27–37) .61b
VL history, n (%)
 Primary VL 110 (75.3) 35 (79.6) 75 (73.5) .44c
 Relapse VL 36 (24.7) 9 (20.4) 27 (26.5)
Spleen size (cm), median (IQR); n = 144 5 (3−8) 5 (3−7) 5 (3−8) .72b
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ), median (IQR); n = 134 16 (15−18) 16 (15−17) 16 (15−18) .96b
Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR); n = 144 8.7 (7.2–10.1) 9.2 (7.5−10.2) 8.5 (6.9−9.8) .14b
Parasitological test result at VL diagnosis, n (%)d
 <6+ 84 (57.5) 26 (59.1) 58 (56.9) .11c
 6+ 22 (15.1) 10 (22.7) 12 (11.7)
 Not done: serological/clinical diagnosis 40 (27.4) 8 (18.2) 32 (31.4)
Tuberculosis, n (%); n = 145
 Yes 32 (22.1) 10 (23.3) 22 (21.6) .82c
 No 113 (77.9) 33 (76.7) 80 (78.4)
WHO stage, n (%); n = 111
 III 5 (4.5) 1 (2.9) 4 (5.3) 1.00a
 IV 106 (95.5) 34 (97.1) 72 (94.7)
CD4 count (cells/µL)e, median (IQR); n = 84 149 (65−256) 139 (56−209) 180 (74−278) .19b
CD4 count (cells/µL), n (%)e; n = 84
 ≤100 32 (38.1) 11 (42.3) 21 (36.2) .75a
 101−199 21 (25.0) 7 (26.9) 14 (24.2)
 200−349 19 (22.6) 6 (23.1) 13 (22.4)
 ≥350 12 (14.3) 2 (7.7) 10 (17.2)
Advanced HIV infection, n (%)f; n = 133
 Yes 110 (82.7) 36 (83.7) 74 (82.2) .83c
 No 23 (17.3) 7 (16.3) 16 (17.8)
ART regimen, n (%)g
 Tenofovir-based regimen 64 (43.8) 15 (34.1) 49 (48.0) .01a
 Non–tenofovir-based regimen 76 (52.1) 24 (54.5) 52 (51.0)
 None 6 (4.1) 5 (11.4) 1 (1.0)
Timing of ART initiation, n (%); n = 144
 ART initiated before VL episode 57 (39.6) 13 (29.6) 44 (44.0) .002a
  Duration on ART (months) at VL diagnosis, median (IQR) 6.8 (1.9−15.9) 9.4 (4.1−29.6) 5.7 (1.3−15.2)
 ART initiated during VL treatment 40 (27.8) 8 (18.2) 32 (32.0)
 ART initiated after VL treatment 41 (28.5) 18 (40.9) 23 (23.0)
 ART never initiated 6 (4.2) 5 (11.4) 1 (1.0)
Initial VL treatment regimen, n (%)
 AmBisome and Miltefosine 59 (40.4) 13 (29.6) 46 (45.1) .08c
 Other (AmBisome or sodium stibogluconate) 87 (59.6) 31 (70.4) 56 (54.9)
Outcome of first VL episode treated, n (%); n = 139
 Clinical cure 82 (59.0) 25 (59.5) 57 (58.8) .93c
 Parasitological cure 57 (41.0) 17 (40.5) 40 (41.2)
Characteristics at discharge
Spleen size (cm), median (IQR); n = 139 0 (0−3) 0 (0−2) 0 (0−3) .21b
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ), median (IQR); n = 145 17 (16−18) 17 (16−19) 17 (16−18) .37b
Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR); n = 137 9.1 (8.2−10.5) 8.9 (8.2−10.3) 9.1 (8.2−10.5) .96b
Duration of follow-up (months), median (IQR) 11.4 (4.0−30.0) 7.8 (3.9−15.3) 14.4 (4.5−38.7) .009b

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; VL, visceral leishmaniasis;WHO, World Health Organization.

aFisher exact test.

b2-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.

cχ2 test.

d97 (66.4%) spleen aspirates, 1 bone marrow aspirate (0.7%), 8 lymph node aspirates (5.5%), and 40 (27.4%)—37 primary VL cases and 3 relapse cases—had no parasitological test done.

eCD4 count result is <6 months from VL treatment initiation.

fWHO stage IV or CD4 <50 cells/µL.

gStavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine; zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz; tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz; zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine; stavudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz.