Labeling efficiency of ubPCASL at off-resonance 0-420Hz. (top) Average labeling efficiency (Q) for consensus recommended parameters (red circle, whose performance is shown in a) and new optimization gradient parameters (red square, whose performance is shown in e). Standard parameter (a), low average gradient (b) with B1=1.5uT, Gave=0.5mT/s, Gmax=5mT/s), low gradient ratio (c), high B1 (d), optimal gradients (e) and optimal B1 and gradient (f) parameters were listed in Table 1.