Table 1.

Characterization of materials along with results from the inter-particle tests.

Materials	CSB	GB	LBS	LS	CDG
Diameter (mm)	2.00	2.00	1.18–2.36	1.18–3.00	1.18–2.36
Sphericity (S)	1	1	0.8	0.7	0.8
Roundness (R)	1	1	0.7	0.4	0.6
𝛼 (nm)	62 ± 19	145 ± 28	223 ± 61	670 ± 221	1341 ± 390
Poisson’s ratio ($\upsilon$)	0.30	0.30	0.25	0.30	0.25
Inter-particle friction (µ)	0.09 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.08	0.37 ± 0.11
R2	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.77	0.81
Young’s modulus E (GPa)	173 ± 11	58 ± 7	52 ± 12	16 ± 6	7 ± 3

Poisson’s ratio values based on [39,40,41,42], R²: Coefficient of determination of F_F-F_N envelopes