Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Hematology and Chemistry Results
| Variables | HIV + Tuberculosis Controls (n = 14) | HIV + Tuberculosis Patients (n = 60) | q Value a | Survivors (n = 44) | Deceased (n = 16) | q Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male sex (n, %) | 4/14 (29) | 30/60 (50) | 0.21 | 24/44 (55) | 6/16 (38) | 0.22 |
| Age | 34 (29–42) | 39 (33–45) | 0.25 | 36 (31–41) | 44 (35–55) | 0.09 |
| ART status (n, %) | ||||||
| Naive | 8/14 (57) | 31/60 (52) | 0.79 | 25/43 (57) | 6/16 (38) | 0.35 |
| On ART | 1/14 (7) | 16/60 (27) | 11/43 (25) | 5/16 (31) | ||
| Defaulted | 5/14 (36) | 12/60 (20) | 7/43 (16) | 5/16 (31) | ||
| HIV disease markers | ||||||
| CD4 count (cells/µL) | 71 (56–121) | 53 (22–132) | 0.26 | 57 (22–139) | 45 (19–90) | 0.63 |
| HIV VL (log) | 4.55 (2.16–5.29) | 5.62 (3.97–6.08) | 0.02 | 5.68 (4.85–6.16) | 4.39 (3.18–5.69) | 0.17 |
| HIV VL undetectable (n, %) | 3 (21) | 5 (8.3) | 0.19 | 3 (6.8) | 2 (12.5) | 0.48 |
| Tuberculosis diagnostics | ||||||
| Sputum culture/Xpert positive (n, %) | 0/14 (0) | 35/41 (85) | 0.0002 | 26/31 (84) | 9/10 (90) | 0.69 |
| Urine Xpert positive (n, %) | 0/14 (0) | 15/35 (43) | 0.0002 | 9/26 (35) | 6/9 (66) | 0.22 |
| Tuberculosis blood culture positive (n, %) | ND | 31/60 (52) | 24/44 (55) | 7/16 (44) | 0.60 | |
| Sepsis criteria | ||||||
| Sepsis (n, %) | 0/14 (0) | 60/60 (100) | 0.0002 | 44/44 (100) | 16/16 (100) | ND |
| Severe sepsis (n, %) | 0/14 (0) | 39/60 (65) | 0.0002 | 26/44 (59.1) | 13/16 (81.3) | 0.22 |
| Septic shock (n, %) | 0/14 (0) | 23/60 (38) | 0.0002 | 14/44 (31.8) | 9/16 (56.3) | 0.22 |
| Hematology | ||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.0 (10.1–12.9) | 8.9 (6.7–10.8) | 0.002 | 9.3 (7.0–11.4) | 6.9 (6.4–9.8) | 0.22 |
| White cell count (109/L) | 3.7 (2.9–4.5) | 6.4 (4.4–9.4) | 0.0002 | 7.0 (4.8–10.4) | 5.8 (3.9–7.6) | 0.22 |
| Neutrophils (109/L) | 1.2 (1.3–2.5) | 5.8 (3.6–9.3) | 0.0002 | 6.0 (4.2–9.5) | 4.7 (2.7–6.8) | 0.22 |
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | 1.00 (0.88–1.43) | 0.56 (0.36–0.96) | 0.002 | 0.58 (0.37–1.03) | 0.49 (0.29–0.78) | 0.31 |
| Monocytes (109/L) | 0.36 (0.33–0.42) | 0.33 (0.16–0.51) | 0.53 | 0.39 (0.19–0.58) | 0.20 (0.12–0.43) | 0.22 |
| Platelets (109/L) | 220 (192–316) | 251 (179–325) | 0.75 | 250 (183–325) | 259 (119–330) | 0.78 |
| Serum chemistry | ||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | ND | 5.3 (4.9–6.5) | ND | 5.3 (5.0–6.2) | 5.5 (3.9–7.8) | 0.86 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | ND | 1.9 (1.3–3.0) | ND | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 2.7 (1.5–3.8) | 0.22 |
| Procalcitonin (μg/L) | ND | 2.42 (0.54–8.67) | ND | 1.31 (0.36–4.98) | 8.28 (3.63–61.05) | 0.07 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | ND | 143 (94–191) | ND | 139 (83–191) | 143 (129–230) | 0.39 |
| Albumin (g/L) | ND | 23 (19–28) | ND | 25 (19–28) | 20 (17–24) | 0.15 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | ND | 90 (49–131) | ND | 84 (60–139) | 105 (61–195) | 0.63 |
χ2 tests were used for categorical data, Student t test for normally distributed continuous data, and Mann-Whitney U tests for nonnormally distributed data. Medians and interquartile ranges are shown for all variables, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ND, not determined; VL, viral load.
a q value of comparisons between the HIV-infected control group and HIV-associated tuberculosis patients. Significant differences (q < .10) are in bold.
b q value of comparisons between the group of patients who died and the group who survived. Significant differences (q < .10) are in bold.