Table 1.
Characteristics of Women and Infants by Maternal Mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition
| Characteristic | PHIV (n = 235) | NPHIV (n = 2035) | Total (n = 2270) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women at First Pregnancy | ||||
| Age, y | 21 (2.9) | 25 (3.6) | 24 (3.7) | <.01 |
| Race | ||||
| White/Other | 91 (39%) | 535 (26%) | 626 (28%) | <.01 |
| Black | 129 (55%) | 1360 (67%) | 1489 (66%) | |
| Unknown/ Declined | 15 (6%) | 140 (7%) | 155 (7%) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 85 (36%) | 545 (27%) | 630 (28%) | <.01 |
| Achieved high school graduation | 148 (63%) | 1246 (61%) | 1394 (61%) | .67 |
| Year of delivery | ||||
| 1996–2005 | 16 (7%) | 670 (33%) | 686 (30%) | <.01 |
| 2006–2009 | 80 (34%) | 717 (35%) | 797 (35%) | |
| 2010–2013 | 138 (59%) | 647 (32%) | 785 (35%) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 § | ||||
| <18.5 | 15 (8%) | 54 (4%) | 69 (4%) | <.01 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 86 (49%) | 485 (35%) | 571 (36%) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 35 (20%) | 333 (24%) | 368 (24%) | |
| ≥30 | 40 (23%) | 521 (37%) | 561 (36%) | |
| Tobacco use in pregnancy^ | 32 (14%) | 397 (20%) | 429 (19%) | .01 |
| Alcohol use in pregnancy* | 45 (19%) | 379 (19%) | 424 (19%) | .99 |
| Illicit drug use in pregnancy¶ | 21 (9%) | 252 (12%) | 273 (12%) | .10 |
| CD4 at enrollment, cells/mm3 | ||||
| <200 | 44 (19%) | 228 (11%) | 272 (12%) | .01 |
| 200–500 | 107 (46%) | 943 (46%) | 1050 (46%) | |
| >500 | 81 (34%) | 774 (38%) | 855 (38%) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1%) | 90 (4%) | 93 (4%) | |
| HIV RNA level at delivery, copies/mL | ||||
| ≤400 | 164 (70%) | 1572 (77%) | 1736 (76%) | <.01 |
| >400–1000 | 12 (5%) | 86 (4%) | 98 (4%) | |
| >1000–10000 | 34 (14%) | 158 (8%) | 192 (8%) | |
| >10000 | 20 (9%) | 105 (5%) | 125 (6%) | |
| Unknown | 5 (2%) | 114 (6%) | 119 (5%) | |
| ART during pregnancy | ||||
| ≥3 classes | 54 (23%) | 50 (2%) | 104 (5%) | <.01 |
| INSTI-based | 3 (1%) | 18 (1%) | 21 (1%) | |
| PI-based | 159 (68%) | 1422 (70%) | 1581 (70%) | |
| NNRTI-based | 3 (1%) | 158 (8%) | 161 (7%) | |
| NRTI-based | 11 (5%) | 233 (11%) | 244 (11%) | |
| Noncombination ART regimen | 2 (1%) | 82 (4%) | 84 (4%) | |
| No ARVs/Unknown | 3 (1%) | 72 (4%) | 75 (4%) | |
| Infants | PHIV (n = 270) | NPHIV (n = 2422) | TOTAL (n = 2692) | |
| Female | 134 (50%) | 1190 (49%) | 1324 (49%) | .84 |
| Gestational age (wk) | 38.1 (1.9) | 38.2 (2.0) | 38.2 (2.0) | .56 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 wk) | 41 (15%) | 388 (16%) | 429 (16%) | .69 |
| Small for gestational age | 32 (12%) | 265 (11%) | 297 (11%) | .72 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 48 (18%) | 350 (14%) | 398 (15%) | .17 |
| Very low birth weight (<1500 g) | 4 (1%) | 36 (1%) | 40 (1%) | .96 |
| Birth weight z score | -0.44 (0.75) | -0.33 (0.84) | -0.34 (0.83) | .06 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NPHIV, nonperinatally HIV-infected; PHIV, perinatally HIV-infected; PI, protease inhibitor.
All continuous variables shown as mean (standard deviation) and categorical variables as n (%); § n = 176 PHIV, n = 1393 NPHIV; ^n = 206 PHIV, n = 1712 NPHIV; *n = 222 PHIV, n = 1874 NPHIV; ¶n = 222 PHIV, n = 1873 NPHIV.