FIG. 5.
Interactions between S1P and ROS. Cross talk between S1P and redox signaling. In response to various stimuli such as different danger factors, ROS can be generated from different resources and may activate SPHK1 to generate S1P to produce intracellular signaling action regulating the cellular activity or organ function. S1P may also be transported out of cells through its transporter such as the Spns2, where it binds to its receptor to exert regulatory role such as S1P1. The binding of S1P to S1P1 receptor may activate Nox4 to produce O2.− that leads to redox signaling or regulation. S1PR, S1P receptors; Spns2, sphingolipid transporter 2. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars