FIG. 8.

General model of sphingolipid–ROS interactions in chronic kidney disease. The production of major sphingolipids such as CER, SPH or S1P may be altered by different pathogenic factors, which can be activated or inhibited directly or indirectly through redox signaling or regulation. These sphingolipids also interact with ROS or other free radicals to lead to cell injury or death, activation of inflammasomes and inflammation, and initiation of fibrogenesis, ultimately resulting in CKD via their downstream signaling mechanisms or through interactions with each other. CKD, chronic kidney disease. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars