Table 1.
Polymeric drug delivery systems synthesized using various methods of preparation with the SCF technology.
| Pharmaceutical compound | SCF Process | Polymer | Solvent | Purpose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,6-Dimethyl-8-(2-ethyl-6-methylbenzylamino)-3-hydroxymethylimidazo-[1,2-a] pyridine mesylate | SEDS | Eudragit® E100, Mannitol | Acetone, DMSO, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [42a] |
| 5-Aminosalicylic Acid | SEDS | Eudragit® S100 | Acetone, DMSO | Bioavailability enhancement | [190] |
| 5-Fluorouracil | SEDS | PLA | DCM | Controlled release | [61a] |
| PLA, Silica | DCM | [191] | |||
| PEG, PLA–PEG | Acetone, DCM, Water | [192] | |||
| SAS + SSI | PLA | EtOH | [18a] | ||
| SCP | PLGA | - | [85b] | ||
| PLA | EtOH | [193] | |||
| 17α-Methyltestosterone | SAS | PCL, PLA | DCM | Controlled release | [27] |
| α-Tocopheryl acetate | SSI | MCM-41-type silica | EtOH, Toluene | Controlled release | [194] |
| β-Carotene | SFEE | PCL | DCM | Controlled release | [195] |
| SEDS | PHBV | - | [196] | ||
| β-Estradiol | SCP | PLGA | - | Controlled release | [85b] |
| PVP | EtOH | [197] | |||
| β-Sitosterol | RESS | - | Trifluoromethane | Bioavailability enhancement | [81d] |
| Acetaminophen | RESS-N | EC, PEG, PEG-PPG-PEG, PLA, PMMA | EtOH | Controlled release | [81b] |
| SAS | Eudragit® RL100 | Acetone | [75] | ||
| Adefovir dipivoxil | RESS | - | - | Bioavailability enhancement | [13c] |
| Ampicillin | SAA | - | Acetone, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [34a] |
| SAS | - | DMSO, EtOH, NMP | [198] | ||
| SAS | EC | DCM, DMSO | Controlled release | [199] | |
| SAA | HPMC | Phosphate buffers | [200] | ||
| Amoxicillin | SAS | - | NMP | Injectable | [83a] |
| - | DMSO, EtOH | [201] | |||
| SCF-PI | PMMA | Acetone, DMSO | Controlled release | [202] | |
| PVDF–HFP | Acetone | [203] | |||
| SEDS | Chitosan | - | Bioavailability enhancement | [204] | |
| Arbutine | SAS | - | EtOH | Topical administration | [205] |
| Artemisinin | RESS | PVP-K25 | DCM | Oral delivery | [81a] |
| - | - | Bioavailability enhancement | [206] | ||
| SCP | Silica, Sodium alginate, and Starch aerogels | EtOH, Isopropanol | [207] | ||
| Aspirin | RESS-N | PEG | EtOH | Controlled release | [81b] |
| SCF-MIP | P(DEGDMA) | [101] | |||
| Avidin | SCP | PLA | – | Controlled release | [149] |
| Azacytidine | SAS | PLA | DCM, DMSO | Controlled release | [208] |
| Baicalein | SEDS | – | Acetone, DMSO, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [209] |
| Bevacizumab | SCF-PQT | PLA, PLGA | DCM | Controlled release | [50] |
| BSA | SEE-C | PCL, PLA, PVA | Acetone, Glycerol, Water | Controlled size | [210] |
| SSI | Chitosan, PNIPAAm | Acetic acid | Stimuli-responsive release | [76] | |
| PGSS | Chitosan, PEG, PLGA | – | Controlled release gastroretentive system | [67] | |
| SAA | PLA | Chloroform | Stability improvement | [211] | |
| Bupivacaine HCl | SAS | PLA, PLGA | DCM, EtOH | Controlled release | [91] |
| Calcitonin (Salmon) | SASD | Chitosan glutamate | EtOH, Water | Bioavailability enhancement | [51] |
| Camptothecin | SAS | Dextran | DMSO | Targeted delivery | [80] |
| Carbamazepine | SSI | PVP | – | Controlled release | [98a] |
| GAS | PEG | Acetone | Bioavailability enhancement | [212] | |
| SCP | Gelucire, PVP-K30, TPGS | MeOH | [52] | ||
| Celicoxib | SEDS | PLGA | n-Butyl acetate | Injectable | [31a] |
| Cefuroxime axetil | SEDS | HPMC, PVP-K30 | DCM, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [213] |
| Chelerythrine | SEDS-PA | – | MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [214] |
| Chlorohexidine diacetate | SSI | PEMA, THFMA | – | Polymeric foam | [215] |
| Cilostazol | SAS | – | DCM | Bioavailability enhancement | [216] |
| Cholesterol | SSI | PCL, PMMA | – | Controlled release | [217] |
| Cu2(indomethacin)4DMF2 | ASES, GAS | – | DMF | Bioavailability enhancement | [21c] |
| Curcumin | SEDS | – | Acetone | Bioavailability enhancement | [218] |
| SF | HFIP | [219] | |||
| Dexamethasone | SAA | – | Acetone, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [34a] |
| Diclofenac sodium | SFEE | PLGA, PVA | EA, Water | Injectable | [41] |
| Dihydroquercetin | SCP | Starch aerogels | EtOH | Oral delivery | [207] |
| Dithranol | SCP | Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Oral delivery | [220] |
| Docetaxol | SCP | PVP-K17 | Myristyl alcohol | Bioavailability enhancement | [221] |
| Erlotinib HCl | SAS | – | MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [74] |
| HPMC-phthalate | DMSO | [222] | |||
| Felodipine | PGSS | PEG-4000 | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [35] |
| SAS | HPMC | DCM, EtOH | [223] | ||
| Fenofibrate | PGSS | PEG-4000 | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [35] |
| RESOLV | Alginate, HPMC, PLGA | – | [37] | ||
| SCP | Silica matrix | – | [224] | ||
| Fumed silica | – | [225] | |||
| Silica SBA-15 | – | [226] | |||
| Fenprofen | RESS | – | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [227] |
| Fluconazole | SAS | – | Acetone, DCM, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [228] |
| Flufenamic acid | SCF-MIP | Methacrylic acid, NIPAAm cross-linked EGDMA | – | Controlled release | [102] |
| Fulvestrant | SAS | – | EA | Bioavailability enhancement | [74] |
| Furosemide | SAS | PVP | Acetone, EtOH, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [63] |
| Gentamycin | PCA | PLA | DCM | Controlled release | [29] |
| PVM-MA | Acetone | [85a] | |||
| PLGA | Acetone | Intracellular targeting | [229] | ||
| Griseofulvin | RESS | – | Trifluoromethane | Bioavailability enhancement | [81d] |
| RESS-SC | – | DCM, Menthol | [38] | ||
| SFEE | PVA, PVP | DCM, EA | [230] | ||
| SCP | Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Oral delivery | [220] | |
| Human growth hormone | SEDS | – | Isopropanol | Bioavailability enhancement | [231] |
| Hydrocortisone | SEDS | PCL, PLA, PLGA | Acetone, DCM, EA, Hexane, Isopropanol | Controlled release | [95] |
| SFEE | PLGA | DMSO, EA, EtOH | [232] | ||
| Ibuprofen | SSI | PVP | EtOH | Controlled release | [65a] |
| PMMA, PVP | EtOH, Toluene | [233] | |||
| Chitosan, PNIPAAm | Acetic acid | Stimuli-responsive release | [76] | ||
| Gelatin, Silica | Acetone | Controlled release | [234] | ||
| SCFS | PCL, Starch | Menthol | [235] | ||
| RESOLV | PEG, PVA, PVP | – | [70a] | ||
| SCP | PLA | Chloroform | [145a] | ||
| PGSS | Gelucire, Glyceryl Monostearate, Pluronic F127 | Water | [236] | ||
| SCF-PI | CA | Acetone | [134b] | ||
| SCP | PCL | – | [237] | ||
| PEG, PVP | EtOH | [98b] | |||
| MCM-41-type silica | – | [238] | |||
| Silica, Sodium alginate, and Starch aerogels | EtOH | Oral delivery | [207] | ||
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | SAS | – | EtOH | Biopharmaceutical powders | [239] |
| Indinavir | SAS | – | Acetone | Bioavailability enhancement | [240] |
| Indomethacin | SAS, SAS-EM | Eudragit® RS 100, Magnetite, PLGA, PMMA | DCM | Magnetically responsive drug release | [30] |
| SFEE | Eudragit RS®, PLGA | EA | Controlled release | [96b] | |
| SEDS | PLA, PLGA | DCM | [14] | ||
| Iron oxide, PLA | DCM | Magnetically responsive drug release | [241] | ||
| SSI | Chitosan | – | Controlled release | [81c] | |
| HPMC | – | [242] | |||
| PLA, PLA-PEG, PLGA | Acetone, Water | [243] | |||
| Insulin | SAS | PLA | DCM, DMSO | Subcutaneous delivery | [130] |
| GAS | PEG, PLA | DMSO | Controlled release | [131] | |
| PEG, PLA | DCM, DMSO | [244] | |||
| SFEE | PLGA | – | [245] | ||
| SCP | Chitosan, PAA, PEO | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [246] | |
| Itraconazole | SCP | HPMC, PVP | Cetyl alcohol | Bioavailability enhancement | [247] |
| Ketoprofen | SSI | PVP-K10 | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [248] |
| Gelatin, Silica | Acetone | Controlled release | [234] | ||
| PGSS | Gelucire, PEG | – | [65c] | ||
| SCF-IP, SSI | PVP | – | Oral delivery | [115a] | |
| SFEE | PLGA | EA | Bioavailability enhancement | [249] | |
| Eudragit RS®, PLGA | Controlled release | [96b] | |||
| SCFD | Alginate | EtOH | Oral delivery | [250] | |
| SCP | PLGA | – | Controlled release | [251] | |
| Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Oral delivery | [220] | ||
| Levothyroxine sodium | GAS, ARISE | – | EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [252] |
| Lipase | RESS-N | PEG, PEG-PPG-PEG, PLA, PLGA, PMMA | Acetone, EtOH, MeOH, Propanol, Toluene | Bioavailability enhancement | [87] |
| Loratidine | SCP | Silica, and Starch aerogels | EtOH, Isopropanol | Oral delivery | [207] |
| Lovastatin | RESS | PLA | - | Bioavailability enhancement | [55] |
| Lutein | SEDS | Zein | Acetone, DMSO | Controlled release | [253] |
| Lysozyme | SFEE | PLGA | DMSO, EA | Bioavailability enhancement | [254] |
| RESS-N | PEG, PEG-PPG-PEG, PLA, PLGA, PMMA | EtOH, Toluene | [87] | ||
| ASES | PLA | DMSO | [255] | ||
| PCA | PLA, PLGA | DCM | [92] | ||
| SEDS | PEG, PLA | DMSO | [256] | ||
| Mangiferin | SAS | – | Acetone, DMSO, EtOH, NMP | Bioavailability enhancement | [257] |
| Megestrol acetate | SAS | HPMC, PVP, PEG | DCM, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [258] |
| Methotrexate | SpEDS | Iron oxide, SF | DCM, HFIP | Transdermal delivery | [61c] |
| PEG, PLA | Acetone, DMSO | Controlled release | [32a] | ||
| Iron oxide, PEG, PLA | DCM | Targeted Controlled release | [46] | ||
| SEDS | – | DMSO | Bioavailability enhancement | [259] | |
| Miconazole | SCP | Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [220] |
| Minocycline | SAS | – | EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [260] |
| Morphine | SEDS | PLA-PEG-PLA | DCM, MeOH | Controlled release | [261] |
| PLA | DCM, EtOH, Water | [262] | |||
| Naloxone | PCA | PLA | DCM | Controlled release | [29] |
| Naphthalene | SSI | PMMA | – | Controlled release | [263] |
| Naproxen | SAS | EC, Methyl cellulose | DCM, DMSO | Oral delivery | [264] |
| RESS | PLA | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [65b] | |
| SCP | Ethylene-vinyl-acetate, Eudragit® E100 | DCM | Transdermal controlled delivery | [99] | |
| Naltrexone | PCA | PLA | DCM | Controlled release | [29] |
| Niclosamid | SCP | Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Oral delivery | [220] |
| Nifedipine | PGSS | PEG-4000 | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [35] |
| Nilotinib | SAS | HPMC-phthalate, | Acetone, Chloroform, DMSO | Bioavailability enhancement | [222] |
| Nimesulide | SAS | – | Acetone, Chloroform, DCM | Bioavailability enhancement | [265] |
| SSI | PDMS | – | Controlled release | [266] | |
| Olanzapine | RESS, RESSAS | HPMC, PEG | – | Oral delivery | [267] |
| Oxaliplatin | SCP | – | Myristyl alcohol | Oral delivery | [268] |
| Oxeglitazar | SAS | PEG, Poloxamer 188 and 407, PVP-K17 | Chloroform, DCM, DMSO, EtOH, NMP, THF | Oral delivery | [25] |
| pDNA | SCF foaming | Chitosan, PLGA | – | Controlled release | [156] |
| Paclitaxel | SSI | PLA | EtOH | Controlled release | [269] |
| SEDS | PEG-PLA | DCM | Targeted delivery | [61b] | |
| PLA, PLGA | DCM | Controlled release | [270] | ||
| GAS, SCF-PI | Basil seeds mucilage | DMSO, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [271] | |
| RESOLV | PVP | – | [272] | ||
| Phenytoin | RESS-SC | – | Menthol | Bioavailability enhancement | [62a] |
| Piroxicam | SAILA | PLA, PLGA | – | Controlled release | [40b] |
| SSI | PDMS | – | [266] | ||
| SFEE | PLGA, PVA | EA, Water | Injectable | [41] | |
| PCA | PVP | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [273] | |
| Progesterone | SCP | PEG, Gelucire 44/14 TPGS | – | Transdermal delivery | [274] |
| PGSS | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [275] | ||
| Puerarin | SEDS | PLA | DCM | Bioavailability enhancement | [15,276] |
| Quercetin | SFEE | Pluronic L64, Soybean lecithin | EA | Bioavailability enhancement | [43] |
| Retinyl acetate | SFEE | PLGA | Acetone | Sustained release | [277] |
| Retinyl palmitate | RESOLV | PLA | – | Bioavailability enhancement | [278] |
| Rhodamine | SFEE | PLA | EA | Controlled release | [279] |
| Rifabutin | SCP | Silica, Sodium alginate, and Starch aerogels | EtOH, Isopropanol | Oral delivery | [207] |
| RNA | SEDS | PEG, PLA | DCM | Transdermal controlled delivery | [280] |
| Salbutamol | SCFD | Chitosan | EtOH | Controlled release | [281] |
| Salicylic acid | SCF-MIP | P(DEGDMA) | EtOH | Controlled release | [101] |
| SSI | Alumina, Amberlite, Silica gel | - | [62b] | ||
| Silymarin | SEDS | Phospholipids | DCM, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [282] |
| Simvastatin | RESS | - | Trifluoromethane | Bioavailability enhancement | [66] |
| Sulfamethizole | SAS | - | Acetone, DMF | Ultrasound application | [283] |
| Sulfathiazole | SAS | - | Acetone, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [284] |
| Terfenadine | SCP | Silica aerogels | ACN, MeOH | Oral delivery | [220] |
| Tetanus toxoid | SCP | PLA | - | Sustained release | [77] |
| Theophylline | SAS | HPMC | - | Controlled release | [285] |
| RESS-N | EC, PEG | EtOH | [81b] | ||
| Timolol maleate | SSI | Chitosan derivatives | EtOH | Ophthalmic delivery | [142c] |
| PCL, PCL/POE, PCL/PEVA | THF | Controlled release | [141] | ||
| Tolfenamic acid | SAS | - | Acetone, EA | Bioavailability enhancement | [286] |
| Triclabenzadol | SAA | - | Acetone, MeOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [34a] |
| Triflusal | SCP | PMMA | Acetone | Controlled release | [287] |
| PMMA, Silica | - | Bioavailability enhancement | [70b] | ||
| SSI | Gelatin, Silica | Acetone | Controlled release | [234] | |
| Trypsin | SAA-HCM | Chitosan | Water | Controlled release | [82] |
| Vitamins (2-methyl-1, 4-naphthquinone (vitamin K3) cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)) | SSI | Sodium alginate aerogels | EtOH | Controlled release | [288] |
| Zidovudine | SAS | PLA | DCM, EtOH | Bioavailability enhancement | [289] |
Abbreviations: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), Acetonitrile (ACN), Aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES), Atomized rapid injection solvent extraction process (ARISE), Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Cellulose acetate (CA), Continuous-Supercritical emulsions extraction (SEE-C), D-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS), Dichloromethane (DCM), Dimethylformamide (DMF), Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Ethanol (EtOH), Ethyl acetate (EA), Ethyl cellulose (EC), Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), Gas anti-solvent (GAS), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Methanol (MeOH), Mobil composition of matter (MCM), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), Particle formation from gas saturated solutions (PGSS), Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV), Polycaprolactone (PCL), Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Poly(ethyl methacrylate)/tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (PEMA/THFMA), Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (PEVA), Polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Poly(diethylene glycol dimethacrylate) P(DEGDMA), Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM-MA), Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) Poly(oxyethylene) (POE), Polypropylene glycol (PPG), Poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF–HFP), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Precipitation with Compressed anti-solvent (PCA), Rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a liquid solvent (RESOLV), Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions into aqueous solution (RESSAS), Rapid expansion from supercritical solution with a non-solvent (RESS-N), Rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid co-solvent (RESS-SC), Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA), Silk fibroin (SF), Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS), Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids-prefilming atomization (SEDS-PA), Supercritical-assisted injection in a liquid anti-solvent (SAILA), Supercritical anti-solvent (SAS), Supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer (SAS-EM), Supercritical-assisted atomization (SAA), Supercritical-assisted atomization-hydrodynamic cavitation mixer (SAA-HCM), SCF-assisted molecular imprinting (SCF-MIP), SCF-assisted spray drying (SASD), SCF-drying (SCFD), SCF-assisted extraction of emulsions (SFEE), SCF-inkjet printing (SCF-IP), SCF-phase inversion process (SCF-PI), SCF-pressure-quench technology (SCF-PQT), SCF-assisted processing (SCP), SCF-assisted sintering (SCFS), Supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI), Suspension-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SpEDS), Tetrahydrofuran (THF).