Comparison of individual biomarkers between patients with Binswanger ‘s disease (BD) and non-BD, including multiple infarcts (MI), mixed Alzheimer’s disease/vascular cognitive impairment (MX), leucoaraiosis (LA). (A) Albumin index (ratio of cerebrospinal fluid albumin to serum albumin) shows significant elevation in BD, suggesting disruption of the blood-brain barrier. (B) N-acetylaspartate (NAA) measured in white matter by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was significantly lower in BD due to ischaemic injury to the white matter. (C) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) index was significantly reduced in BD. (D) Mean blood-brain barrier permeability, Ki, measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was elevated in BD. Numbers in parentheses represent statistical significance.(Rosenberg et al. 2015)