Table 1.
Participant Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristics | Total, N = 4,984 |
Robust, n = 2,246 |
Prefrail, n = 2,195 |
Frail, n = 541 |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SE) | 71.1 (0.19) | 68.7 (0.22) | 73.3 (0.23) | 74.9 (0.45) | <.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 2,531 (56.6) | 949 (47.2) | 1,244 (65.6) | 336 (68.1) | <.001 |
| Male | 2,453 (43.5) | 1,297 (52.8) | 951 (34.4) | 205 (31.9) | <.001 |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | <.001* | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2,846 (81.2) | 1,387 (86.1) | 1,203 (77.4) | 256 (70.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 811 (8.3) | 281 (5.5) | 403 (10.3) | 127 (15.8) | |
| Hispanic | 1,202 (7.2) | 533 (5.9) | 522 (8.1) | 146 (10.8) | |
| Other | 125 (3.2) | 45 (2.4) | 67 (4.2) | 12 (3.0) | |
| ≥College education, n (%) | 1,676 (40.6) | 986 (50.4) | 585 (32.3) | 105 (23.4) | <.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | .02* | ||||
| Never | 2,327 (46.7) | 1,004 (44.2) | 1,052 (49.1) | 271 (50.3) | |
| Former | 2,035 (41.4) | 948 (43.9) | 889 (39.6) | 198 (35.5) | |
| Current | 611 (11.9) | 288 (11.9) | 254 (11.4) | 69 (14.3) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SE) | 28.2 (0.10) | 27.8 (0.12) | 28.3 (0.18) | 30.7 (0.49) | <.001 |
| ≥1 activity of daily living limitations | 2,423 (47.3) | 576 (25.3) | 1,320 (63.5) | 527 (96.8) | <.001 |
| ≥1 instrumental activity of daily living limitations | 1,751 (32.6) | 248 (10.2) | 988 (46.4) | 515 (94.5) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%)a | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,060 (18.3) | 356 (13.2) | 499 (21.0) | 205 (34.5) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 373 (7.1) | 47 (1.9) | 211 (10.1) | 115 (22.9) | .34 |
| Nonskin cancer | 916 (21.7) | 418 (22.1) | 395 (20.8) | 103 (22.9) | .49 |
| Coronary artery disease | 870 (18.3) | 297 (14.2) | 421 (20.1) | 152 (30.9) | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 2,379 (50.2) | 786 (38.3) | 1,228 (59.8) | 363 (73.6) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 2,326 (87.7) | 892 (87.0) | 1,123 (87.7) | 311 (90.1) | .34 |
| Stroke | 405 (7.6) | 101 (4.5) | 192 (8.3) | 112 (21.1) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 496 (11.8) | 130 (6.8) | 269 (15.9) | 97 (21.4) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 81 (4.2) | 22 (2.5) | 39 (4.8) | 20 (11.5) | .03 |
a
Self-reported at initiation of screening.
SE = standard error.
*
P value for overall in group.