. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 14.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Jan 25;66(3):496–502. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15220

Table 3.

Association Between Frailty and Overall and Cardiovascular Mortality

Mortality	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Mortality	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Overall
Prefrail	2.40 (2.16–2.67)	1.79 (1.60–2.01)	1.64 (1.45–1.85)
Frail	4.97 (4.34–5.69)	3.89 (3.36–4.51)	2.79 (2.35–3.30)
Cardiovascular
Prefrail	2.82 (2.28–3.48)	2.07 (1.65–2.60)	1.84 (1.45–2.34)
Frail	3.72 (2.85–4.87)	4.79 (3.61–6.34)	3.39 (2.45–4.70)

Model 1: unadjusted.

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race, education, smoking.

Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 covariates and diabetes, heart failure, cancer, coronary artery disease, arthritis.

Reference: robust.